Etymologically

malfattore

Etymology and origin of the Italian word malfattore

Confidence
Established
Formation
Borrowing
First attested
1242–1243 Guido Faba, plural malifacture More words from the 13th century
Borrowed from
Latin malefactor
Ultimate origin
Latin malefaciō

Forms

malfattore m (plural malfattori, feminine malfattrice)[1] Older forms include malefattore, malfactore, malefactore and the plurals mafattori and ma' fattori.[2][3] The feminine is malfattrice, popularly malfattora.[4][5]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Latin malefactor (“wrongdoer”), the agent noun of malefaciō (“to do wrong”).[6][7][4][8][3] The Latin verb, often written separately, joins male (“badly”) and faciō (“to do, make”), and the noun is formed with -tor.[9][1] It is found in Plautus and became common in Late Latin.[1] The TLIO instead analyses the Italian word as male and fattore.[2]

Other languages have the same formation: Spanish malhechor, French malfaiteur (from the 15th century, earlier maufaitour), and the English word malefactor (1440).[10]

Earliest recorded meaning

The first record is the plural malifacture in the Bolognese Parlamenti of Guido Faba, about 1242–1243, for people who act to the harm of others or against justice.[2][11] The form malfattore itself appears in Ristoro d'Arezzo in 1282: Lo punitore de' signoreggiare lo malfattore (the punisher must rule over the wrongdoer).[11][3]

Semantic evolution

From the start the word covered both moral wrongdoing and crime against the law and authority.[2] Cavalca speaks of Mount Calvary as the place where mali fattori were executed,[3] and in old Florentine texts the plural mafattori was frequent, a clipped form of mali fattori;[12][13] Boccaccio has it in the Decameron.[12][13] Religious writers also used it of every sinner: tutti quanti siamo mafattori (we are all evildoers).[13]

In modern use a malfattore is a habitual criminal, a robber or swindler, often in una banda di malfattori (a gang of criminals).[6][4][12] Jokingly it can mean a rascal, and an old adjectival use meant “harmful, maleficent”.[14][8]

Timeline

  • About 1242–1243 – Guido Faba writes the plural malifacture.[2][11]
  • About 1258 – Malefactore and malfactore appear in the Liber ystoriarum Romanorum.[11]
  • 1282 – Ristoro d'Arezzo uses malfattore.[11][6]
  • Before 1292 – Giamboni writes malefattore.[11]

Meanings

Noun

  1. A criminal or lawbreaker; a person who habitually commits crimes such as robbery or fraud: i malfattori sono fuggiti con l'incasso.[6][4][5][12]
  2. (jocular) A rascal.[14]

Word family

  • malfattoria
  • malfare
  • male
  • fattore
  • malefatta
  • Latin malefactor
  • French malfaiteur

References

  1. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e Tesoro della Lingua Italiana delle Origini (1997–), Opera del Vocabolario Italiano, CNR, Firenze; tlio.ovi.cnr.it
  3. ^ a b c d Battaglia, Salvatore; Bàrberi Squarotti, Giorgio (1961–2002), Grande dizionario della lingua italiana, 21 vols., Torino: UTET; digital ed. Accademia della Crusca, p. 9, 537
  4. ^ a b c d Devoto, Giacomo; Oli, Gian Carlo; Serianni, Luca; Trifone, Maurizio (2026), Nuovo Devoto–Oli: il vocabolario dell'italiano contemporaneo, digital ed., Milano: Le Monnier
  5. ^ a b Sabatini, Francesco; Coletti, Vittorio; Manfredini, Manuela (2026), Dizionario italiano Sabatini Coletti, digital ed., Milano: Sansoni / Rizzoli Larousse
  6. ^ a b c d De Mauro, Tullio (ed.) (2003), Grande dizionario italiano dell'uso, CD-ROM version 2.0, Torino: UTET
  7. ^ Nocentini, Alberto; Parenti, Alessandro (2010), l'Etimologico: vocabolario della lingua italiana, Firenze: Le Monnier
  8. ^ a b Battisti, Carlo; Alessio, Giovanni (1950–1957), Dizionario etimologico italiano, 5 vols., Firenze: Barbèra (reprint 1975)
  9. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  10. ^ Battisti, Carlo; Alessio, Giovanni (1950–1957), Dizionario etimologico italiano, 5 vols., Firenze: Barbèra (reprint 1975), p. 2330
  11. ^ a b c d e f Cortelazzo, Manlio; Zolli, Paolo (1999), Dizionario etimologico della lingua italiana, 2nd ed. by Manlio Cortelazzo and Michele A. Cortelazzo, Bologna: Zanichelli
  12. ^ a b c d Duro, Aldo (ed.) (1986–1994), Vocabolario della lingua italiana, Roma: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana; online ed. treccani.it/vocabolario (2008 copy)
  13. ^ a b c Tommaseo, Niccolò; Bellini, Bernardo (1861–1879), Dizionario della lingua italiana, 4 vols., Torino: UTET
  14. ^ a b Zingarelli, Nicola (2009), Lo Zingarelli 2010: vocabolario della lingua italiana, Bologna: Zanichelli

Related etymologies

Cite this entry

“Malfattore.” Etymologically, 14 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/it/malfattore. Accessed 15 Nov. 2026.

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