Etymologically
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campione

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Pronunciation

  • /kamˈpjo.ne/[1]

Forms

campione m (plural campioni, feminine campionessa)[1] Old Italian forms include campion, canpione, champione and southern campiuni.[2] The feminine is campionessa, recorded in Giordano da Pisa.[3][4]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Late Latin campiō (“fighter, champion”), recorded in glosses and Lombard documents.[5][6][7] The Late Latin word is taken from Frankish *kampijō (“fighter in the field”), itself formed from Latin campus (“field; battlefield”).[5][6][7][1] Nocentini sees a Germanic loan of Romance origin, a return loan: the West Germanic word came from a Vulgar Latin one, which is the source of Medieval Latin ⟨campio⟩.[8] The Latin noun also gave Old High German kampf (“battle”).[8][9]

Meyer-Lübke derives the Italian word from French champion, whose form looks like a loan from Medieval Latin, and Prati also thinks of French.[9][10] DEI places the centre of the word in France and speaks of a semi-learned sound development in Italian.[6] Zaccaria derived it from Old High German chempho (“fighter”).[11] French ⟨champion⟩ gave Occitan campió and Spanish campeón.[8][9]

The origin of Latin ⟨campus⟩ is debated: it is traditionally linked with the root of Ancient Greek κάμπτω (kámptō, “to bend”), but de Vaan thinks it may be a farming word from a European substrate.[12][1]

Earliest recorded meaning

The TLIO's first record is in the Libro of the Cremonese Uguccione da Lodi, from the early 13th century, for a wrestler skilled in combat.[2] DELI's first record is in Guittone d'Arezzo, before 1294, for a man who fought a duel to defend someone else's cause.[5][7] Guittone calls Justice de' debili tu retta e tu campione (“you the support and champion of the weak”).[13]

Semantic evolution

In Dante the word means an athlete or fighter.[5] Siena named a Campione Comunis in 1303 to fight the commune's judicial duels, and the Lombard laws let clerics dare il campione, send a fighter in their place.[3][14] Hence the word came to mean any defender of a cause.[7][2]

The sense “sample” comes from the champion as the chosen, best example.[5][8][11] The standard of a unit of measure is recorded in a Sienese document of 1399, and a sample of goods at the end of the 15th century in the Canti carnascialeschi.[5][6] In 15th- and 16th-century Florence, Bologna and Mantua a campione was also a register or ledger.[6]

The sporting senses grew in the 19th and 20th centuries: campionato, modelled on French championnat (1877), is recorded by 1886 or 1897, and campionissimo was coined in 1931 for the cyclist Costante Girardengo and later used for Fausto Coppi.[5][8] The use after a noun, as in indagine campione, is recorded in 1970.[5] Italian lent the word to Romanian and Albanian.[1]

Timeline

  • Early 13th century – Uguccione da Lodi gives the first record.[2]
  • Before 1294 – Guittone d'Arezzo uses campione for a fighter in a duel.[5]
  • Before 1321 – Dante uses it for an athlete.[5]
  • 1399 – A Sienese document uses it for a standard of measure.[5]
  • Late 15th century – The Canti carnascialeschi use it for a sample.[5]
  • 1931 – Campionissimo is coined for Costante Girardengo.[5]
  • 1970 – The use after a noun, as in analisi campione, is recorded.[5]

Meanings

Noun

  1. (history) In the Middle Ages, a man who fought a duel or ordeal on behalf of someone else.[7][15][16]
  2. A defender of a cause or ideal: un campione dei diritti civili.[7][15][16]
  3. (sports) A champion, an athlete or team that has won a title, or an outstanding athlete: È diventata campionessa europea a vent'anni.[7][15][17]
  4. (figurative) A person who excels at something: Mio fratello è un campione di scacchi.[7][17]
  5. A sample of a material or product taken for testing: Il medico ha chiesto un campione di urina.[7][15][17]
  6. (statistics) A group chosen from a population to study it.[17][18]
  7. (physics) A standard, the reference for a unit of measure.[17][18][16]
  8. (archaic) A register or ledger.[17][18]

Adjective

  1. (invariable) Champion, that has won a competition: la nazionale campione del mondo.[7][17]
  2. (invariable) Sample or standard: un'indagine campione, il metro campione.[7][17]

Word family

  • campionamento
  • campionare
  • campionario
  • campionato
  • campionissimo
  • campionarista
  • campionatura
  • campioncino
  • campionista
  • campionessa
  • subcampione
  • supercampione

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d Tesoro della Lingua Italiana delle Origini (1997–), Opera del Vocabolario Italiano, CNR, Firenze; tlio.ovi.cnr.it
  3. ^ a b Prati, Angelico (1951), Vocabolario etimologico italiano, Milano: Garzanti, p. 218
  4. ^ Battaglia, Salvatore; Bàrberi Squarotti, Giorgio (1961–2002), Grande dizionario della lingua italiana, 21 vols., Torino: UTET; digital ed. Accademia della Crusca
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Cortelazzo, Manlio; Zolli, Paolo (1999), Dizionario etimologico della lingua italiana, 2nd ed. by Manlio Cortelazzo and Michele A. Cortelazzo, Bologna: Zanichelli
  6. ^ a b c d e Battisti, Carlo; Alessio, Giovanni (1950–1957), Dizionario etimologico italiano, 5 vols., Firenze: Barbèra (reprint 1975)
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k De Mauro, Tullio (ed.) (2003), Grande dizionario italiano dell'uso, CD-ROM version 2.0, Torino: UTET
  8. ^ a b c d e Nocentini, Alberto; Parenti, Alessandro (2010), l'Etimologico: vocabolario della lingua italiana, Firenze: Le Monnier
  9. ^ a b c Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter
  10. ^ Prati, Angelico (1951), Vocabolario etimologico italiano, Milano: Garzanti
  11. ^ a b Zaccaria, Enrico (1901), L'elemento germanico nella lingua italiana: lessico con appendice e prospetto cronologico, Bologna: Treves
  12. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  13. ^ Battaglia, Salvatore; Bàrberi Squarotti, Giorgio (1961–2002), Grande dizionario della lingua italiana, 21 vols., Torino: UTET; digital ed. Accademia della Crusca, p. 2, 604
  14. ^ Tommaseo, Niccolò; Bellini, Bernardo (1861–1879), Dizionario della lingua italiana, 4 vols., Torino: UTET
  15. ^ a b c d Devoto, Giacomo; Oli, Gian Carlo; Serianni, Luca; Trifone, Maurizio (2026), Nuovo Devoto–Oli: il vocabolario dell'italiano contemporaneo, digital ed., Milano: Le Monnier
  16. ^ a b c Zingarelli, Nicola (2009), Lo Zingarelli 2010: vocabolario della lingua italiana, Bologna: Zanichelli
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h Sabatini, Francesco; Coletti, Vittorio; Manfredini, Manuela (2026), Dizionario italiano Sabatini Coletti, digital ed., Milano: Sansoni / Rizzoli Larousse
  18. ^ a b c Vocabolario della lingua italiana Treccani (2011), Roma: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana