braccio

Forms

braccio m (plural (in most meanings 1, 2, 4) braccia f or (in the figurative meanings "branch (of a railway/railroad or river), wing (of a building), arm (of a cross, crane, of scales), strait, isthmus" 6, 7, 8, 9) bracci m, diminutive braccìno or braccétto, augmentative braccióne, diminutive-augmentative bracciòtto (“chubby little arm”))^[1] The plural is feminine braccia for the human arm and the old measure, and masculine bracci for the figurative senses (the arm of a crane, a wing of a building, a branch of a river).^[2][1] The 13th-century poets have many forms, such as Old Italian brazo (Giacomino Pugliese) and braccio (Compagnetto da Prato).^[3] Old northern forms include Old Italian braço at Venice (1312) and Old Italian brasso in Liguria (15th century).^[4]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin brāc(c)hium (“arm; forearm”),^[3][5][6][1] borrowed from Ancient Greek βραχίων (brakhíōn, “arm”).^[3][5][7][1] Already the ancients explained the Greek word as “the shorter”, a comparative of βραχύς (brakhús, “short”), because the arm from shoulder to hand is shorter than the leg from thigh to foot;^[3][8][5] Festus says as much.^[3][8][5] GRADIT thinks the word probably reached Latin through an Italic dialect, and DEI suggests Etruscan as the go-between, or an independent relic of a Mediterranean substrate, and calls the origin unknown.^[7][9]

The word is found in all the Romance languages: Romanian braț, Dalmatian braz, Friulian braç, Romansh bratsch, French bras, Occitan braç, Catalan braç, Spanish brazo and Portuguese braço; in Sardinian it survives only in the sense “branch”.^{[4][5][10][3]} The neuter plural Latin bracchia became a feminine noun for a measure of length, the fathom, in French brasse, Spanish braza and the Italian feminine plural.^[10][9] Devoto describes the sound change: Latin ⟨-chi-⟩ became /tʃ/, doubled after the stressed vowel.^[11]

Earliest recorded meaning

The TLIO's first record is in the Cremonese poet Uguccione da Lodi, at the beginning of the 13th century, and DELI finds the word in the 13th-century poets.^[12][3] As a measure of length the word is in a Pistoian document of 1240–1250, and in Medieval Latin brachium is used as a measure in a diploma of Berengar of 912.^[12][3]

Semantic evolution

Latin already used the word in many of the transferred senses that Italian has: the branches of trees and especially of the vine, and an arm of the sea.^[3][9] Bono Giamboni, before 1292, has both a projecting part of an object and a strait; the arm of a river is recorded in 1632–1639 and the wing of a building before 1590.^[3] As a measure of length, used mainly for cloth, the braccio varied from city to city: about 0.64 metres at Bologna, 0.595 at Milan and 0.683 at Venice.^[13][3]

The sense “strength, power”, as in the braccio secolare (the secular arm), comes from Church Latin, where Christ is called bracchium Domini;^[3][9] Giovanni Villani uses it before 1348.^[3][9] The plural braccia for the workforce of farms and industry is recorded in 1818, in Sismondi.^[3] The noun bracciante, a day labourer, goes back to the phrase vivere di braccia (to live by one's arms), found in the 15th century.^[3] DELI thinks incrociare le braccia “to go on strike” was probably modelled on French croiser les bras.^[3]

Meyer-Lübke traced German Brezel (pretzel), through Old High German brezitella, to a diminutive meaning “little arm”, from the shape of the pastry; the LEI treats it under Latin *brachiatellum.^[10][4]

Timeline

• 912 – Medieval Latin brachium is used as a measure in a diploma of Berengar.^[3]
• Early 13th century – Uguccione da Lodi uses the word.^[12]
• 1240–1250 – A Pistoian document uses it as a measure of length.^[12]
• Before 1292 – Bono Giamboni uses it for a projecting part and for a strait.^[3]
• Before 1348 – Giovanni Villani uses it for power, strength.^[3]
• 15th century – The phrase vivere di braccia is recorded.^[3]
• 1490 – Portolans use brazo for an isthmus.^[3]
• 1818 – Sismondi uses braccia for labour, the workforce.^[3]

Meanings

Noun

1. The arm, either of the upper limbs of the human body from the shoulder to the hand (plural le braccia): Teneva il bambino in braccio.^[7][14][15]
2. (anatomy) The part of the arm between the shoulder and the elbow.^[7][14]
3. (figurative) A person who carries out what another plans; an executive body: il braccio armato di un'organizzazione.^[7]
4. (plural braccia) Workers, labour: In campagna mancano braccia per la vendemmia.^[7][3]
5. (zoology) The arm of a starfish; the tentacle of an octopus or other invertebrate.^[7]
6. (plural bracci) A projecting part of something, fixed or movable: the arm of a cross, a crane, a lamp, a pair of scales.^[7][2]
7. (plural bracci) A branch of a road, railway or river; a wing of a building: il braccio femminile del carcere.^[7][3]
8. (historical) An old unit of length, especially for cloth, of a little over half a metre.^[3][13]

Word family

• abbracciare
• abbraccio
• avambraccio
• braccetto
• bracciale
• braccialetto
• bracciante
• bracciata
• bracciolo
• imbracciare
• sbracciare

Related words

• Latin bracchium
• French bras

Usage notes

Common phrases include braccio destro (right-hand man), braccio di ferro (arm wrestling; a trial of strength), a braccia aperte (with open arms), incrociare le braccia (to fold one's arms; to strike), braccio di mare (a strait) and parlare a braccio (to speak off the cuff).^[7][14][15]

References

1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b Sabatini, Francesco; Coletti, Vittorio; Manfredini, Manuela (2026), Dizionario italiano Sabatini Coletti, digital ed., Milano: Sansoni / Rizzoli Larousse
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Cortelazzo, Manlio; Zolli, Paolo (1999), Dizionario etimologico della lingua italiana, 2nd ed. by Manlio Cortelazzo and Michele A. Cortelazzo, Bologna: Zanichelli
4. ^ a b c Pfister, Max; Schweickard, Wolfgang; Prifti, Elton (eds.) (1979–), Lessico Etimologico Italiano, Wiesbaden: Reichert; online at lei-digitale.it, p. 7, 1
5. ^ a b c d e Nocentini, Alberto; Parenti, Alessandro (2010), l'Etimologico: vocabolario della lingua italiana, Firenze: Le Monnier
6. ^ Battisti, Carlo; Alessio, Giovanni (1950–1957), Dizionario etimologico italiano, 5 vols., Firenze: Barbèra (reprint 1975)
7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j De Mauro, Tullio (ed.) (2003), Grande dizionario italiano dell'uso, CD-ROM version 2.0, Torino: UTET
8. ^ a b Battaglia, Salvatore; Bàrberi Squarotti, Giorgio (1961–2002), Grande dizionario della lingua italiana, 21 vols., Torino: UTET; digital ed. Accademia della Crusca, p. 2, 342
9. ^ a b c d e Battisti, Carlo; Alessio, Giovanni (1950–1957), Dizionario etimologico italiano, 5 vols., Firenze: Barbèra (reprint 1975), p. 582
10. ^ a b c Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter
11. ^ Devoto, Giacomo (1968), Avviamento alla etimologia italiana: dizionario etimologico, 2nd ed., Firenze: Le Monnier, p. 67
12. ^ a b c d Tesoro della Lingua Italiana delle Origini (1997–), Opera del Vocabolario Italiano, CNR, Firenze; tlio.ovi.cnr.it
13. ^ a b Battaglia, Salvatore; Bàrberi Squarotti, Giorgio (1961–2002), Grande dizionario della lingua italiana, 21 vols., Torino: UTET; digital ed. Accademia della Crusca, p. 2, 345
14. ^ a b c Devoto, Giacomo; Oli, Gian Carlo; Serianni, Luca; Trifone, Maurizio (2026), Nuovo Devoto–Oli: il vocabolario dell'italiano contemporaneo, digital ed., Milano: Le Monnier
15. ^ a b Gabrielli, Aldo (2020), Grande dizionario italiano, digital ed., Milano: Hoepli