*telh₂-

Reconstruction

LIV sets up *telh₂- "to lift, take upon oneself", placing the full-grade vowel before the *l because of Ancient Greek τελαμών (telamṓn, “carrying strap”) and the e-grade in Umbrian.^[1] Beekes writes *telh₂- "bear, endure",^[2] Adams *telhₐ- "lift, carry",^[3] and Matasović *telh₂- "raise, support, bear".^[4]

Morphology

LIV reconstructs a root aorist *télh₂-/tl̥h₂- in Ancient Greek ἔτλην (étlēn, “endured, dared”) and subjunctives of Old Latin; a nasal present *tl̥-né/n-h₂- in Latin tollō (“to raise, carry away”), Old Irish tlenaid (“carries off, steals”), Old Armenian թողում (tʻołum, “I allow”) and Tocharian B tallaṃ (“raises, endures”); a perfect *te-tólh₂/tl̥h₂- in τέτλαμεν (tétlamen, “we endure”) and Latin tetulī, tulī (“carried”); a doubtful causative in Venetic; and a doubtful essive ?*tl̥h₂-h₁i̯é- in Gothic 𐌸𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽 (þulan, “to endure”).^[1] De Vaan sets up the nasal present *tl-n(e)-h₂-, the aorist *tel-h₂-, the perfect *te-tolh₂- and the verbal adjective *tlh₂-to-, which gave lātus.^[5] Ringe cites *tl̥-ná-h₂- as an example of a nasal present to a root ending in a laryngeal.^[6]

Evidence

Greek, Italic, Celtic, Armenian, Germanic and Tocharian continue the verb, but LIV cites no Anatolian form.^[1] Baltic has a verbal adjective, which makes seven branches.^[7]

Competing analyses

LIV counts the present of Ancient Greek ἀνατέλλω (anatéllō, “to make rise”) as a thematised nasal present of this root,^[1] whereas Beekes finds the present τέλλω (téllō) isolated in form and meaning.^[8]

For words meaning "ground, floor", de Vaan derives Latin tellūs (“ground, earth”) from *telh₂-o- "ground" and considers the root *telh₂- "to bear" possible,^[9] and Matasović derives Old Irish talam (“earth”) from *telh₂-m- "surface, support".^[10] Pokorny set up a separate root for "flat, flat ground, board".^[11] For Lithuanian tìltas (“bridge”), ALEW and Smoczyński accept a verbal adjective of *telh₂-, while earlier work, followed by Derksen, joined it with a root for "flat".^[7][12]

Meanings

1. to lift, to take upon oneself,^[1] to carry,^[5] to bear, to endure^[2]

Greek and Gothic developed "to endure", and Old Irish "to carry off, steal".^[1]

Derivatives

• *tl̥h₂-ént-, in Ancient Greek τάλαντα (tálanta, “scales”).^[1][13]
• *tlh₂-to-, in Latin lātus and Lithuanian tìltas (“bridge”).^[5][7]
• *telh₂-mon-, in Ancient Greek τελαμών (telamṓn, “strap”).^[9]
• Proto-Celtic *tlati- (“weak, sick”), compared with Ancient Greek τάλας (tálas, “sad”).^[4]

Reflexes

• Greek: Ancient Greek ταλάσσαι (talássai, “to endure, tolerate”).^[8]
• Italic: Latin tollō (“to pick up, raise, remove”).^[5]
• Celtic: Proto-Celtic *tli-na-, Old Irish tlenaid (“takes away, steals”).^[4]
• Armenian: Old Armenian թողում (tʻołum, “I allow, let”), cited by LIV.^[1]
• Germanic: Gothic 𐌸𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽 (þulan, “to endure, suffer”), cited by LIV.^[1]
• Baltic: Lithuanian tìltas (“bridge”).^[7]
• Tocharian: Tocharian B täl- (“lift, carry”).^[3]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Rix, Helmut, et al. (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben, 2nd ed., Wiesbaden: Reichert, p. s.v. *telh₂-
2. ^ a b Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. τάλᾱς
3. ^ a b Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), A Dictionary of Tocharian B, 2nd ed., Amsterdam: Rodopi, p. 314
4. ^ a b c Matasović, Ranko (2009), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic, Leiden: Brill, p. 391
5. ^ a b c d de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. tollō
6. ^ Ringe, Don (2017), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
7. ^ a b c d Hock, Wolfgang, et al. (2015), Altlitauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (ALEW), online and Hamburg: Baar, p. s.v. tìltas
8. ^ a b Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. ταλάσσαι
9. ^ a b de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. tellūs
10. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic, Leiden: Brill, p. 377
11. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959), Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Bern; Munich: Francke, p. 1061
12. ^ Smoczyński, Wojciech (2018), Lithuanian Etymological Dictionary, Berlin: Peter Lang, p. 2007
13. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. τάλαντα