*pró

Reconstruction

The particle is *pró in Kloekhorst and ALEW,^[1][2] *pro in Beekes, de Vaan and Mallory and Adams,^[3][4][5] and *prō̆ in Fortson, who marks the vowel as either short or long.^[6] Dunkel writes *pr-ó, a directive adverb formed from *pr̥ 'forwards, in front'.^[7]

Morphology

Beekes calls it an allative formation in *-o, with the same ending as Ancient Greek ἀπό (apó) and Ancient Greek ὑπό (hupó).^[8] Kloekhorst argues that Hittite parā must have a zero-grade root, being the allative of an unattested noun beside the accusative Hittite peran and the ablative Hittite parza.^[1] Its match with the Greek, Latin and Sanskrit forms is a main argument for reconstructing the allative ending as *-o.^[1] For Dunkel the base *pr̥ comes from *per 'through', with a locative *pr-í beside the directive *pr-ó.^[7][9]

There was also a long form: Beekes sets up a lengthened grade *prō in Ancient Greek πρωί (prōí, “early”),^[8] Kapović counts *prō̆ among the particles found with both short and long vowels,^[10] and Dunkel takes *prō as already used in PIE for 'early in the morning', on the evidence of Vedic, Greek and Old High German.^[7] De Vaan reports three explanations: Leumann's original *prō shortened in PIE, an instrumental *pro-h1 beside *pro in Schrijver following Beekes, or *proH arising before roots that began with a laryngeal.^[4] Derksen thinks the Balto-Slavic glottal stop was taken from nouns that began with a laryngeal.^[11]

Evidence

Kloekhorst equates the Hittite adverb with the Greek, Sanskrit, Latin and Gothic forms, so the particle reaches Anatolian.^[1] It is also found in Indo-Iranian, Greek, Italic, Celtic, Germanic, Baltic and Slavic,^[8] in Tocharian in a compound,^[12] and in Armenian as the preverb oro-, on Dunkel's account.^[13] Luwian has /pri/ instead, which Kloekhorst takes as perhaps an old dative *pr-ei.^[1]

Meanings

1. forward, forth,^[8][6] forward, ahead, away^[5]
2. before, towards the front,^[3] in front of, before^[4]

Dunkel says that *pr̥(ó) and its derivatives also marked the future,^[14] and gave the reason, mostly an emotion, that prevents an action, as in Greek 'for fear'.^[7] He traces the sense 'forwards, forth' to an earlier 'through, beyond', a development he also finds in reflexes of *per.^[7]

Derivatives

• *pro-mó- 'further, up front' in Umbrian promom (“at first”) and Ancient Greek πρόμος (prómos, “protagonist, leader”), which Beekes calls an old superlative.^[4][15]
• *pro-ti 'towards', in Sanskrit प्रति (práti, “towards, against”) and Ancient Greek προτί (protí).^[16][17] Kloekhorst derives the Hittite ablative from *pr-ti.^[18]
• Latin procul (“far away”), perhaps from *pro-ko- 'at the front'.^[19]
• Ancient Greek πρότερος (próteros, “former”).^[8]

Reflexes

• Anatolian: Hittite parā (“out to, forth, toward”).^[1][20]
• Indo-Aryan: Sanskrit प्र (prá, “before, forward, forth”).^[21][22]
• Iranian: Avestan fra-, Old Persian fra- (“forward, forth”).^[22][8]
• Greek: Ancient Greek πρό (pró, “forth, forward, before”), Mycenaean Greek po-ro-.^[8]
• Italic: Latin prō (“in front of, before; for”), Oscan pru (“for, before”).^[4]
• Celtic: Old Irish ro-, a preverb, from Wodtko's chapter, as Matasović has no entry.^[23]
• Germanic: Gothic 𐍆𐍂𐌰- (fra-), a preverb, from Dunkel, as Kroonen has no entry.^[13]
• Baltic: Lithuanian pra- (“by, through”), Lithuanian prõ (“through, along, past”).^[24]
• Slavic: Proto-Slavic *pro (“through”).^[11]
• Tocharian: Tocharian B enepre (“before, in front of”), a compound with *pre from *pro.^[12]
• Albanian: Albanian prej (“to, towards; from”), which Orel compares with a locative form for 'early' in Greek.^[25]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon, Leiden: Brill, p. 630
2. ^ Hock, Wolfgang, et al. (2015), Altlitauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (ALEW), online and Hamburg: Baar, p. s.v. prõ
3. ^ a b Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011), Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd ed., revised by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam: Benjamins, p. 248
4. ^ a b c d e de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. prō
5. ^ a b Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006), The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World, Oxford: OUP, p. 289
6. ^ a b Fortson, Benjamin W., IV (2010), Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, 2nd ed., Malden, MA / Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, p. ch. 7
7. ^ a b c d e Dunkel, George E. (2014), Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme, vol. 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Winter, p. 649
8. ^ a b c d e f g Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. πρό
9. ^ Dunkel, George E. (2014), Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme, vol. 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Winter, p. 650
10. ^ Kapović, Mate, ed. (2017), The Indo-European Languages, 2nd ed., London: Routledge, p. 55
11. ^ a b Derksen, Rick (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 4, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 420
12. ^ a b Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), A Dictionary of Tocharian B, 2nd ed., Amsterdam: Rodopi, p. 89
13. ^ a b Dunkel, George E. (2014), Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme, vol. 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Winter, p. 638
14. ^ Dunkel, George E. (2014), Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme, vol. 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Winter, p. 85
15. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. πρόμος
16. ^ Kapović, Mate, ed. (2017), The Indo-European Languages, 2nd ed., London: Routledge, p. 105
17. ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956–1980), Kurzgefasstes etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen, Heidelberg: Winter, p. 358
18. ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon, Leiden: Brill, p. 647
19. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. procul
20. ^ Puhvel, Jaan (1984–), Hittite Etymological Dictionary, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, p. 108
21. ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956–1980), Kurzgefasstes etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen, Heidelberg: Winter, p. 350
22. ^ a b Mayrhofer, Manfred (1986–2001), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen, 3 vols, Heidelberg: Winter, p. s.v. prá
23. ^ Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias, eds. (2017–2018), Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics, 3 vols (HSK 41), Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, p. ch. 71, Wodtko
24. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015), Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon, Leiden: Brill, p. 383
25. ^ Orel, Vladimir (1998), Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden / Boston / Köln: Brill, p. s.v. prej