*kelh₁-

*kelh₁-¹ to drive, to bring

Reconstruction

Kümmel's addenda set up 1.*kelh₁- in place of LIV's *kel- "to drive", following Hackstein and Seržant against LIV; the velar rests only on Baltic and is not fully certain.^[1] Elsewhere in the addenda he glosses the root *kelh₁- (*kel-) "to drive on, to move".^[2] LIV's *kel- had no final laryngeal.^[3]

Morphology

Kümmel reconstructs a root aorist *kélh₁-/kl̥h₁-, continued by the Tocharian preterite Tocharian B śala (“brought, led”), and a nasal present *kl̥-né/n-h₁-, continued by Tocharian A källāṣ (“brings, leads”) and, with a full grade taken over by analogy, by Ancient Greek ὀκέλλω (okéllō, “to land a ship, run aground”).^[1] A thematic *kélh₁-e- in Ancient Greek κέλομαι (kélomai, “to drive on, exhort”), an iterative *kolh₁-éi̯e- and a desiderative are given with question marks, and the s-aorist Ancient Greek ἐκέλσαμεν (ekélsamen, “we landed”) is marked as an innovation.^[1] For Lithuanian kélti (“to carry across”), Kümmel notes that Lithuanian mixed the formations of this root with those of *kelh₃- "to rise".^[1]

Evidence

The forms Kümmel lists come from Tocharian, Greek and Baltic, with an uncertain Indo-Aryan iterative; no Anatolian form is listed.^[1]

Competing analyses

LIV's *kel- put a Gothic verb for herding cattle here as a dʰe-present, and took the Tocharian verb for "to endure" as perhaps a development of "to drive cattle".^[3] Beekes keeps Proto-Tocharian *kəla- (“to lead, to bring”) apart, deriving it from *kʷelh₁- "to turn", because a root with a laryngeal cannot match Ancient Greek κέλλω (kéllō, “to drive”);^[4] Kümmel removes the Tocharian verb from *kʷelh₁- because it shows no labiovelar reflex at all.^[2] Adams derives the Tocharian verb "to lead, to bring" probably from *kʷel-, or else from *kelh₃- "to put into motion".^[5] For the Tocharian B verb "to goad, to drive", he reports Seržant's *kelh₃- "to move" and Beekes's tentative link with the Greek verb for "to run a ship aground".^[6] Beekes would treat that Greek verb as a separate Pre-Greek one.^[4]

Meanings

1. to drive on, to move^[2][3]

Kümmel's evidence has "to bring, to lead" in Tocharian and "to carry across" in Lithuanian;^[1] in Greek the verb also means "to land a ship".^[4]

Reflexes

• Tocharian: Tocharian B käl- (“to lead, to bring”), which Adams derives rather from *kʷel-^[5]
• Greek: Ancient Greek κέλλω (kéllō, “to drive, incite; to land”), Ancient Greek κέλομαι (kélomai, “to drive on, exhort, call”)^[4]
• Baltic: Lithuanian kélti (“to lift, raise, transfer”), which Derksen puts under *kelH- "to lift"^[7]

*kelh₁-² to call

Reconstruction

LIV sets up *kleh₁- "to call", with the full grade in the second syllable because Proto-Germanic *hlō- cannot be explained otherwise, and keeps it apart from *kel- "to drive".^[8] Kümmel's addenda redirect *kelh₁- to a second root, 2.*kelh₁-/*k̑elh₁-.^[9] De Vaan writes *kelh₁-/klh₁-,^[10] Beekes *klh₁-,^[11] Kroonen *kelh₁-,^[12] and Mallory and Adams *kelh₁- "to call out to".^[13] Kloekhorst reconstructs a palatal, *ḱelh₁-.^[14]

Morphology

Beekes takes the two-syllable stem of the Greek aorist beside the one-syllable stem of the perfect as proof of *klh₁-, and the present Ancient Greek καλέω (kaléō, “to call”) as perhaps an innovation.^[11] LIV sets up an éi̯e-present *kl̥h₁-éi̯e- for the Greek and Umbrian verbs and, with Bendahman, a reduplicated aorist in Ancient Greek ἐκέκλετο (ekékleto, “called to”).^[8] De Vaan follows Schrijver's athematic present *kelh₁-ti, *klh₁-enti to explain the Latin first conjugation and the Umbrian forms with ē.^[10] Kloekhorst reconstructs the Hittite verb as an s-extended present *ḱélh₁-s-ti, *ḱlh₁-s-énti,^[14] and Kroonen takes the Germanic verb for "to low" as an intensive *klóh₁-e-.^[12]

Evidence

The root is attested in Anatolian, Greek, Italic and Germanic, with nominal derivatives in Celtic and Indic.^[14][11][15]

Competing analyses

Kloekhorst's palatal rests on the Hittite verb, which has been connected with the Greek and Latin verbs since Laroche;^[14] the other sources write a plain velar.^[10][12] LIV keeps apart its *k/k̑elh₁- "to tempt, to beguile" (Ancient Greek κηλέω (kēléō, “to charm, beguile”)), which might belong to "to call" as "to call constantly", though the different position of the full grade makes this difficult.^[16] Beekes holds that Ancient Greek κέλαδος (kélados, “noise”) is not cognate.^[11]

Meanings

1. to call, to call out to^[8][10][13]

In Latin the verb survives only in technical senses ("to announce, to summon"),^[10] and in Germanic the intensive means "to low, to bellow".^[12]

Derivatives

• Ancient Greek κλῆσις (klêsis, “call, invitation”) and Ancient Greek κλητός (klētós, “called, invited”), from the one-syllable stem^[11]
• Latin clārus (“sonorous, bright”), from *klh₁-ro-^[11]
• Latin concilium (“popular assembly, council”), from *-kelh₁-io-, *-kolh₁-io- or *-klh₁-io-^[10]
• Latin calendae (“first days of the month”), on which the ides and nones were announced^[15]
• Old Irish cailech (“cock”), beside an Indic compound meaning "dawn-singer"^[15]

Reflexes

• Anatolian: Hittite kallišš- (“to call, to evoke, to summon”)^[14]
• Greek: Ancient Greek καλέω (kaléō, “to call, to name”)^[11]
• Italic: Latin calō (“to announce, to summon”), Umbrian kařetu (“he must call”)^[10]
• Germanic: Proto-Germanic *hlōan- (“to low, to bellow”), Old English hlōwan (“to low”)^[12]