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idő

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Pronunciation

Forms

idő (countable and uncountable, plural idők)[1] Old Hungarian ewdewt, ÿdew (üdőt, üdő).[2] Dialect üdő.[3][4] The stem has idej- before some endings: ideje.[3]

Etymology

It is probably borrowed from Bulgar *üdäγ (“time, weather”), a loan from a Chuvash-type (Oghur) Turkic language taken over before the Hungarian conquest.[2][5][6][1] The Turkic word is Old Turkic öd (“time”); ultimately it goes back to Proto-Turkic *öd (“time”), with parallels in the Mongolic languages.[2][5][1] Wiktionary compares Turkish öğle (“noon”).[1]

ÚESz takes the borrowed form as *ödäk, which became *ideγ in Hungarian: the ⟨d⟩ inside the word and the final ⟨k⟩, a Turkic diminutive suffix, show the Chuvash-type origin.[2][5] Gombocz had already reconstructed Turkic *ödäγ.[7] Róna-Tas and Berta trace the Hungarian form through several early stages to Old Hungarian üdȫ and then the modern form.[6] The ending developed as in bölcső and erő, and the rounded /ü/ became /i/ only in Hungarian.[2][5]

ÚESz finds it less likely that the word is a fixed case form of a demonstrative stem related to ez and ide.[2]

Earliest recorded meaning

The word first appears in the Jókai Codex, a text written after 1372 and copied about 1448, as ewdewt and ÿdew (üdőt, üdő), in the senses “time, duration” and “point in time”.[2][5]

Semantic evolution

“Duration” and “point in time” are the original senses; the others arose in Hungarian.[5][2] “Weather” is perhaps recorded in the Schlägl word list of about 1405 and certainly in 1519;[2] “hour” appears in the Munich Codex, “year” perhaps before 1495 and surely in 1576, “age, era” and, in the plural, “circumstances” in 1527, and the dialect sense “thunderstorm” in 1935.[2] For the link between time and weather ÚESz compares Latin tempestas, which meant time, a period, weather and storm.[2] The Szamos dialect has the word for time, for a lifetime and for weather.[8]

Derivatives followed early: idős “old, aged” in the Munich Codex, idei in 1474, időtlen “untimely” in 1552 (“timeless” from 1827), idősödik about 1577, időzik in 1683, idült in 1806 and időzít in 1892.[2][5] The language reform made compounds such as időköz, időszak, időpont (1803) and időtartam (1854).[9]

Transylvanian records have phrases such as az idő mindent megemészt “time devours everything” (1766), after Latin tempus edax rerum.[10]

Timeline

  • 1372 (copy of about 1448) – ewdewt, ÿdew in the Jókai Codex.[2]
  • 1405 – perhaps “weather”, in the Schlägl word list.[2]
  • 1416 (copy of 1466) – idős “old” and the sense “hour” in the Munich Codex.[2]
  • 1416 (copy of about 1450) – ideiglen “for a while” in the Vienna Codex.[2]
  • 1474 – idei.[2][5]
  • 1519 – “weather”, in the Jordánszky Codex.[2]
  • 1527 – “age, era”, and in the plural “circumstances”, in the Érdy Codex.[2]
  • 1552 – időtlen “untimely”, in Heltai.[2]
  • 1803 – időpont.[9]
  • 1854 – időtartam in Ballagi.[9]
  • 1892 – időzít.[2]
  • 1935 – the dialect sense “thunderstorm”.[2]

Meanings

Noun

  1. time: the form in which change and succession exist, together with space.[3][1]
  2. A point in time, or a moment fixed by an event; the right time for something: Itt az ideje indulni.[3][1]
  3. A stretch of time between two points; a period or duration.[3][1]
  4. The time shown by a clock.[1]
  5. (in the plural or with a possessive) An era; one's own time, one's youth.[1]
  6. weather.[1]
  7. (sports) A time-out.[1]
  8. (grammar) A tense.[1]

Word family

  • idei
  • ideiglen
  • időbeli
  • időleges
  • időnként
  • idős
  • időses
  • időszerű
  • időtlen
  • időz
  • időzik
  • időzít
  • idősödik
  • idült
  • időköz
  • időszak
  • időpont
  • időtartam

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Gerstner, Károly (ed.) (2006–), Új magyar etimológiai szótár, Budapest: Nyelvtudományi Kutatóközpont; online at uesz.nytud.hu
  3. ^ a b c d e Bárczi, Géza; Országh, László (eds.) (1959–1962), A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára, 7 vols., Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó; online at ertelmezo.oszk.hu
  4. ^ Szinnyei, József (1893–1901), Magyar tájszótár, 2 vols., Budapest: Hornyánszky, p. 1, 926
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Zaicz, Gábor (ed.) (2006), Etimológiai szótár: magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete, Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó
  6. ^ a b Róna-Tas, András; Berta, Árpád (2011), West Old Turkic: Turkic Loanwords in Hungarian, 2 vols., Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz (Turcologica 84); word list via Lexibank
  7. ^ Gombocz, Zoltán (1960), Honfoglalás előtti bolgár-török jövevényszavaink, ed. Lajos Ligeti, Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó (Nyelvtudományi Értekezések 24), p. 18
  8. ^ Csűry, Bálint (1935–1936), Szamosháti szótár, 2 vols., Budapest: Magyar Nyelvtudományi Társaság, p. 1, 406
  9. ^ a b c Szily, Kálmán (1902–1908), A magyar nyelvújítás szótára, 2 vols., Budapest: Hornyánszky
  10. ^ Szabó T., Attila (ed.) (1975–2014), Erdélyi magyar szótörténeti tár, 14 vols., Bukarest: Kriterion / Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó / Kolozsvár: Erdélyi Múzeum-Egyesület, p. 5, 438