*skīnan

Reconstruction

Wiktionary reconstructs *skīnan for Proto-West Germanic.^[1] It continues inherited from Proto-Germanic *skīnaną (“to shine”),^[2][3] which Kroonen cites as *skīnan-, Orel as *skīnanan and Köbler as *skeinan, *skīnan.^[3][4][5] Ringe and Taylor cite the Proto-Germanic verb among the examples of the palatalization of velars before front vowels in Old English, which gave Old English sċīnan.^[2]

Morphology

A strong verb of class I, with the Old High German past skein, plural skinun, and the past participle giskinan.^[6][7] Kroonen takes it for a strong present with an n-suffix, from which the n-stems *skīman- and *skiman- were derived independently.^[8]

Evidence

The verb is attested in all the West Germanic languages: Old English sċīnan, Old Frisian skīna, Old Saxon skīnan and Old High German skīnan,^[3] and Old Dutch skīnan in Williram's commentary of about 1100.^[9] Old High German has it from the third quarter of the 8th century.^[6]

Meanings

1. to shine^[2][1]
2. to appear^[1][10]

Old Frisian used the verb for "to shine, to gleam" and "to appear, to show oneself",^[10] Old English also for "to illuminate",^[11] and Old High German also for "to become visible, to be evident".^[6]

Derivatives

• *skīn "shine, glint", which Wiktionary reconstructs from Proto-Germanic *skīnaz, *skīną;^[12] Orel derives Proto-Germanic *skinan, behind Old Norse skin and Old High German gescin, from the verb,^[13] and Köbler lists Old Saxon skīn "light, shine" with it.^[5]
• *biskīnan "to shine upon", which Wiktionary reconstructs;^[14] Old English and Old Frisian have the prefixed verb.^[15][16]
• Kroonen derives Proto-Germanic *skīman- "shine", behind Old English scīma, Old Saxon skīmo and Old High German scīmo, from the verb.^[3]

Reflexes

• Old English: sċīnan (“to shine, to gleam, to illuminate”)^[11]
• Old Frisian: skīna (“to shine; to appear”)^[10]
• Old Saxon: skīnan (“to shine, to gleam, to become apparent”)^[17]
• Old Dutch: skīnan (“to shine”)^[9]
• Old High German: skīnan (“to shine, to gleam, to appear”)^[6]

References

1. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *skīnan
2. ^ a b c Ringe, Don; Taylor, Ann (2014), The Development of Old English, A Linguistic History of English II, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 204
3. ^ a b c d Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 445
4. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 341
5. ^ a b Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *skeinan
6. ^ a b c d Lloyd, Albert L.; Springer, Otto; Lühr, Rosemarie, et al. (1988–), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; online ewa.saw-leipzig.de, p. s.v. skînan
7. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. skīnan
8. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2011), The Proto-Germanic n-stems: A Study in Diachronic Morphophonology, Leiden Studies in Indo-European 18, Amsterdam / New York: Rodopi, p. 246
9. ^ a b Oudnederlands Woordenboek (2009–), Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal, Leiden; gtb.ivdnt.org, p. s.v. skīnan
10. ^ a b c Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. skīna
11. ^ a b Holthausen, Ferdinand (1934), Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. scīnan
12. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *skīn
13. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 340
14. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *biskīnan
15. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. scīnan
16. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altfriesisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. skīna
17. ^ Tiefenbach, Heinrich (2010), Altsächsisches Handwörterbuch / A Concise Old Saxon Dictionary, Berlin / New York: De Gruyter, p. s.v. skīnan