*faraną

Reconstruction

The infinitive is *faraną in Wiktionary and Ringe,^[1][2] *faranan in Orel^[3] and *faran in Köbler.^[4] Kroonen cites the stem *faran-.^[5]

Etymology

Wiktionary has it from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“going, passage”).^[1] Kroonen calls it an o-grade "intensive-iterative" verb and compares Sanskrit "to bring across" and Old Church Slavonic "to fly";^[5] Orel relates it to Ancient Greek περάω (peráō, “to penetrate”) and Ancient Greek πείρω (peírō, “to pierce, to run through”).^[3] Mailhammer counts its Indo-European etymology as accepted,^[6] while Ringe calls the origins of the verb problematic in various ways.^[7]

Morphology

A strong verb of class VI,^[6][8][9] with the principal parts *faraną, *fōr, *fōrun, *faranaz.^[2] Kroonen thinks that the *ō of the preterite arose secondarily, on the model of verbs with roots of the shape CHC;^[5] Ringe likewise compares the pattern of "to eat" and suggests that verbs once beginning with a laryngeal helped to establish it.^[7] The verb has causatives of both types, *fōrijaną with *ō and *farjaną with the inherited o-grade *a, which Ringe calls an archaic type.^[10]

Evidence

The verb is attested in all three branches: Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽 (faran) in Gothic, Old Norse fara in Old Norse, and Old English faran, Old Frisian fara and Old High German faran in West Germanic,^[5] with Old Saxon faran in Old Saxon.^[3] EWA finds strong verbs with similar meanings in almost all the Germanic languages, and probably this verb in the second part of a Langobardic personal name.^[9] A Saami verb "to move away" is a loan from Scandinavian.^[11][9]

Competing analyses

Wiktionary takes *farjaną "to carry across" as probably the causative of a lost strong verb *feraną,^[12] where Ringe and Orel derive it from *faraną.^[13][3]

Meanings

1. to go, to travel^[5][4][1][2]

Gothic used the verb for "to wander, to move on",^[14] Old Norse also for "to happen" and "to lose",^[11] Old English for "to happen", "to act" and "to suffer",^[15] and Old High German also for "to fly" and "to flow".^[9]

Derivatives

• *fōrijaną "to lead, to bring" and *farjaną "to carry across", its causatives.^[10]
• *fardiz "journey", a ti-stem.^[16][5]
• *farō and *fōrō "a going, a journey".^[17][18]
• *fōriz "able to go, passable", a vṛddhi gerundive.^[19][20]
• *farô "traveller".^[21]
• *farma- "moving", with Old Norse farmr (“freight, cargo”);^[22] Orel's *farmaz.^[3]
• A verbal adjective "going", found in compounds.^[23]

Reflexes

• Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽 (faran, “to wander, to move on”)^[14]
• Old Norse: fara (“to go, to travel, to happen, to lose”)^[11]
• Old English: faran (“to go, to travel, to happen, to suffer”)^[15]
• Old Frisian: fara (“to go, to travel”)^[24]
• Old Saxon: faran (“to move, to go, to travel, to fly”)^[25]
• Old High German: faran (“to go, to travel, to fly, to flow”)^[9]

References

1. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *faraną
2. ^ a b c Ringe, Don (2017), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 275
3. ^ a b c d e Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 93
4. ^ a b Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *faran
5. ^ a b c d e f Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 128
6. ^ a b Mailhammer, Robert (2007), The Germanic Strong Verbs: Foundations and Development of a New System, Trends in Linguistics 183, Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter, p. 223
7. ^ a b Ringe, Don (2017), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 213
8. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. faran
9. ^ a b c d e Lloyd, Albert L.; Springer, Otto; Lühr, Rosemarie, et al. (1988–), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; online ewa.saw-leipzig.de, p. s.v. faran
10. ^ a b Ringe, Don (2017), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 258
11. ^ a b c de Vries, Jan (1977), Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. fara
12. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *farjaną
13. ^ Ringe, Don (2017), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 282
14. ^ a b Feist, Sigmund (1939), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3rd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. faran
15. ^ a b Holthausen, Ferdinand (1934), Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. faran
16. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *fardiz
17. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *farō
18. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *fōrō
19. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *fōriz
20. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 151
21. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *farô
22. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 129
23. ^ Heidermanns, Frank (1993), Etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen Primäradjektive, Berlin / New York: De Gruyter
24. ^ Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. fara
25. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. faran