*beudan

Reconstruction

Wiktionary reconstructs the infinitive *beudan.^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *beudaną (“to offer, to bid”),^[1] which Kroonen cites by its stem *beudan- and Orel as *ƀeuđanan.^[2][3] Ringe and Taylor do not print the infinitive, but cite the Proto-Germanic past plural *budun "they offered", continued by Old English budon, Old Saxon budun and Old High German butun, as an example of a Proto-Germanic *u that stayed unchanged before *u in the next syllable.^[4] In Old Frisian the Proto-Germanic diphthong *eu became the rising diphthong ⟨iā⟩ of biāda.^[5]

Morphology

A strong verb of class II.^[6][7] Ringe and Taylor illustrate the West Germanic strong past 2nd singular, formed from the default past stem rather than the past singular stem and ending in *-ī, with the compound: Proto-Germanic *anabaust "you commanded", of the infinitive *anabeudaną, was replaced by Proto-West Germanic *anabudī, whence Old English onbude and Old High German inbuti.^[8]

Evidence

The verb is attested as Old English bēodan, Old Frisian biāda, Old Saxon biodan and Old High German biotan,^[2][3] and in Old Dutch as bieden in the Middle Franconian Rhyme Bible of 1151–1200.^[9] Köbler records Old Saxon biodan in the Heliand and in glosses.^[10] Old High German has it from the end of the 8th century.^[11]

Meanings

1. to offer, to bid^[1]

The daughters also used the verb for "to command": Old English for "to command, to announce, to grant",^[6] Old Frisian for "to command" and "to threaten",^[12] and Old High German for "to proclaim" and "to signify".^[7] Kroonen gives "to command; to offer" as the meaning of the Proto-Germanic verb.^[2]

Derivatives

• *anabeudan "to command, to order", which Wiktionary reconstructs: Old English onbēodan, Old Saxon anbiodan;^[13] Ringe and Taylor reconstruct its West Germanic past 2nd singular *anabudī.^[8]
• *furibeudan "to forbid", which Wiktionary reconstructs behind Old English forbēodan;^[14] Köbler lists the corresponding compounds with ⟨far-⟩ in Old Saxon and Old Frisian.^[15]
• Kroonen derives Proto-Germanic *budô (“messenger”), his *budan-, from the verb: Old English boda, Old Frisian boda, Old Saxon bodo, Old High German boto.^[16]

Reflexes

• Old English: bēodan (“to offer, to command, to announce, to grant”)^[6]
• Old Frisian: biāda (“to offer, to command, to threaten”)^[12]
• Old Saxon: biodan (“to offer”)^[10]
• Old Dutch: biedan (“to offer”)^[9]
• Old High German: biotan (“to offer, to present, to proclaim”)^[7]

References

1. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *beudan
2. ^ a b c Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 61
3. ^ a b Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 43
4. ^ Ringe, Don; Taylor, Ann (2014), The Development of Old English, A Linguistic History of English II, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 30
5. ^ Fulk, R. D. (2018), A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages, Studies in Germanic Linguistics 3, Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins, p. §4.14
6. ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. béodan
7. ^ a b c Lloyd, Albert L.; Springer, Otto; Lühr, Rosemarie, et al. (1988–), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; online ewa.saw-leipzig.de, p. s.v. biotan, piotan
8. ^ a b Ringe, Don; Taylor, Ann (2014), The Development of Old English, A Linguistic History of English II, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 67
9. ^ a b Oudnederlands Woordenboek (2009–), Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal, Leiden; gtb.ivdnt.org, p. s.v. biedan
10. ^ a b Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. biodan
11. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 6th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. biotan
12. ^ a b Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. biāda
13. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *anabeudan
14. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *furibeudan
15. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *farbeudan
16. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 81