*stoppōn

Reconstruction

Wiktionary reconstructs *stoppōn.^[1] Gamillscheg cites the same West Germanic form,^[2] while EWA writes *stuppōi̯e/a-.^[3]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *stoppōn (“to stuff, to close”) in Köbler's reconstruction, who refers it, with a query, to Medieval Latin stuppō (“to stop up with tow”), beside Latin stuppa (“tow”).^[4] EWA thinks it probably a native Germanic word, from a root meaning "to push", with the *-pp- arising by Kluge's law in a noun or a verb formed with *-n-.^[3] In its view the West Germanic verb then came under the influence of Medieval Latin stuppō, probably on the Lower Rhine, and took over its meaning.^[3]

Morphology

A weak verb of class II.^[5][6][3]

Evidence

EWA lists Old Saxon bistoppōn (“to stop up”), Old Dutch stuppendi, found only as a present participle, Old Frisian stopia (“to seal, to stop up”) and stoppa (“to stop, to hinder”), and Old English forstoppian (“to stop up”); the Norse verbs are borrowed from Middle Low German.^[3] Old Dutch stuppendi is recorded in the Old Low Franconian psalms of the 10th century, of the deaf adder that stops its ears.^[7] Old High German bistopfōn is recorded in glosses from the 9th century, and the simple verb is not found in Old High German.^[3] Gamillscheg cites the West Germanic verb as confirming the verb Vulgar Latin *stuppō, the source of French étouper (“to stop up”), recorded from the 12th century, and refers to Latin stuppa.^[2]

Competing analyses

Köbler calls the Old Frisian verb, with a query, a loan from Medieval Latin.^[6] EWA holds a native origin more likely and explains the meaning by Latin influence.^[3] Wiktionary calls the origin unknown: it reports Barnhart's derivation from a Proto-Germanic *stuppōną "to stop, to close", and the alternative of a borrowing from Latin stuppō.^[1]

Meanings

1. to stop up, to close^[4][1]
2. to stuff^[4][1]

In the Westerlauwers texts Old Frisian also has stoppa (“to stop”).^[8]

Reflexes

• Old English: only forstoppian (“to stop up”)^[9]
• Old Frisian: stopia (“to stuff, to seal”)^[10]
• Old Dutch: stuppendi (“stopping up”)^[7]
• Old High German: bistopfōn (“to stuff, to stop up, to close”)^[11]

References

1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *stoppōn
2. ^ a b Gamillscheg, Ernst (1966–1969), Etymologisches Wörterbuch der französischen Sprache, 2nd, fully revised ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 429
3. ^ a b c d e f g Lloyd, Albert L.; Springer, Otto; Lühr, Rosemarie, et al. (1988–), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; online ewa.saw-leipzig.de, p. s.v. bistopfôn
4. ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *stoppōn
5. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. stoppian
6. ^ a b Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altfriesisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. stoppia
7. ^ a b Oudnederlands Woordenboek (2009–), Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal, Leiden; gtb.ivdnt.org, p. s.v. stuppendi
8. ^ Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. stoppa
9. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. forstoppian
10. ^ Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. stopia
11. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 6th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. bistopfōn