*trudaną

Reconstruction

The infinitive is *trudaną in Ringe and Wiktionary,^[1][2] *truđanan in Orel,^[3] *trudan in Köbler^[4] and TRUD-A- in Seebold.^[5] Kroonen heads it *tredan- ~ *trudan-.^[6]

Etymology

Kroonen has it from Proto-Indo-European *dret- ~ *drt-, a root ending in *t like that of *knedan- ~ *knudan- "to knead", which could be an extension of a primary element *dr- "to run".^[6] Mailhammer puts it among the strong verbs with no IE etymology.^[7]

Morphology

A strong verb with a zero-grade present, which Ringe assigns to class IV, since an e-grade past participle would be very unlikely.^[1] Gothic has the past participle 𐍄𐍂𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 (trudans), Old Norse troðinn.^[1] West Germanic has a class V verb, with the Old English past træd and the Old High German past participle gitretan.^[1] Ringe holds that the anomalous zero-grade present must be the original one.^[1] Kroonen explains the alternation from an original root aorist, 3rd singular *h₁e-drét-t, 3rd plural *h₁é-drt-nt, which is why such verbs are called aorist presents.^[6]

Evidence

The zero grade is found in East and North Germanic, Gothic 𐍄𐍂𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽 (trudan) and Old Norse troða, the e-grade in West Germanic, Old English tredan, Old Frisian treda and Old High German tretan.^[6][1] The Gothic verb occurs at Luke 10:19 "tread" and, in the passive, at Luke 6:44 for the pressing of grapes, where the Greek text has "they gather".^[8]

Competing analyses

Orel derives it from IE *dru-t-, after Osthoff, with *dreu- "to run" kept in Sanskrit द्रवति (drávati, “runs”).^[3] Feist set up an IE aorist-present *drtó or *drdhó, and reported Osthoff's *dru-tó as another view.^[9] Lehmann, after Meillet, takes the e-grade of West Germanic as a Germanic transfer to the e-grade thematic conjugation and the zero grade as a survival from PIE.^[8] He finds a derivation from the root "run" semantically possible.^[8] Riecke reports that Bammesberger traces the Gothic verb to the root *dreu- with a disturbed ablaut, so that the e of the West Germanic verb would be secondary.^[10]

Meanings

1. to tread, to trample^[6][4]
2. to step on^[1][2]

Gothic also used the verb for pressing grapes,^[11] and Old Norse for "to cram, to pack, to stuff".^[6]

Derivatives

• *trudą "a treading, track", a zero-grade action noun;^[12] Orel's *truđan.^[13]
• *tradjaną "to tread, to trample", with *-janą.^[14]
• *truttōną "to tread, to trample, to trot", a zero-grade iterative from Pre-Germanic *dr̥tnéh₂-;^[15] Kroonen's *trett/dōn- ~ *trutt/dōn-.^[16]
• *fratrudaną "to trample", with *fra-.^[17]
• Kroonen compares *tradō- "step, track";^[6] Wiktionary derives *tradō instead from Proto-Indo-European *dreh₂-.^[18]
• Sievers suggested that *truzlą "troll", from an alternative *trudlą, was formed to this verb.^[19]

Reflexes

• Gothic: 𐍄𐍂𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽 (trudan, “to tread, to press grapes”)^[9]
• Old Norse: troða (“to tread”)^[20]
• Old English: tredan (“to tread, to trample, to traverse”)^[21]
• Old Frisian: treda (“to tread”)^[22]
• Old Dutch: tredan^[2]
• Old High German: tretan (“to tread, to trample”)^[23]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g Ringe, Don (2017), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 274
2. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *trudaną
3. ^ a b Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *truđanan
4. ^ a b Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *trudan
5. ^ Seebold, Elmar (1970), Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben, The Hague / Paris: Mouton, p. 505
6. ^ a b c d e f g Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 521
7. ^ Mailhammer, Robert (2007), The Germanic Strong Verbs: Foundations and Development of a New System, Trends in Linguistics 183, Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter, p. 223
8. ^ a b c Lehmann, Winfred P. (1986), A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, based on the third edition of Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache by Sigmund Feist, Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. trudan
9. ^ a b Feist, Sigmund (1939), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3rd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. trudan
10. ^ Riecke, Jörg (1996), Die schwachen jan-Verben des Althochdeutschen: Ein Gliederungsversuch, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, p. 645
11. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. trudan
12. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *trudą
13. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *truđan
14. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *tradjaną
15. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *truttōną
16. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 522
17. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *fratrudaną
18. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *tradō
19. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *truzlą
20. ^ Köbler, Gerhard, Altnordisches Wörterbuch, online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary database copy), p. s.v. troða
21. ^ Holthausen, Ferdinand (1934), Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. tredan
22. ^ Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. treda
23. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 6th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. tretan