*naudiz

Reconstruction

The word is *naudiz in Wiktionary,^[1] *nauđiz in Orel,^[2] and *naudi- in Köbler, who also gives *nauþi-.^[3] Kroonen heads it *nauþi-,^[4] and Ringe writes *nauþi- ~ *naudi-.^[5]

Etymology

Kroonen and Wiktionary derive it from Proto-Indo-European *neh₂w-, the root of *nawiz "corpse": Kroonen as a ti-stem *neh₂u-tí-, Wiktionary as *neh₂w-tí-s.^[4][1]

Morphology

A feminine i-stem.^[3][2] It is one of the i-stems with an alternation by Verner's law between *þ and *d: Gothic generalised the voiceless consonant in Gothic 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 (nauþs), but kept 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌹- (naudi-) in compounds, while the other languages continue *d.^[5][6] Casaretto reconstructs a PIE *náuH-ti-/*nuH-téi- whose root alternation was levelled early in favour of the full grade.^[7]

Evidence

The word is attested in all three branches: Gothic 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 (nauþs), Old Norse nauð, and Old English nīed, Old Frisian nēd, Old Saxon nōd and Old High German nōt in West Germanic.^[4] Gothic has the d-form only in the compounds Gothic 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹 (naudibandi, “fetter”) and Gothic 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍆𐍄𐍃 (naudiþaurfts, “necessity”).^[8] Finnish nuotio "campfire" was borrowed from *naudi-, as in Old Saxon nōdfiur (“need-fire, fire made by friction”).^[9] On the Lindholm amulet, from soon after 500, Krause and Jankuhn read four n-runes as probably standing for the rune name, Proto-Norse *naudiR.^[10] Kroonen finds the same formation in Old Prussian nautin (“need”), an accusative.^[4]

Competing analyses

De Vries connects the word, after Pokorny, with a root *nāu- "to exhaust, to torment; death, corpse", and lists earlier attempts to join it to Old Norse naumr (“narrow”) or to Old Norse gnúa (“to rub”).^[11] Orel compares Lithuanian naudà (“need, advantage”) and Slavic words for "to cause" and "need", which reflect a *d or *dʰ.^[2]

Meanings

1. compulsion, distress^[4][5]
2. need, trouble, force^[1][3]
3. fate, destiny^[3]
4. the name of the n-rune ᚾ^[1][3]

Old English also used the word for "fetter", "duty" and "errand",^[12] and Old Frisian for "self-defence", "lawful excuse" and "imprisonment".^[13]

Derivatives

• *naudijaną "to compel, to force",^[14] Orel's *nauþjanan, in Gothic 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (nauþjan), Old Norse neyða and Old English nīedan.^[15]
• *naudīgaz "necessary; forced",^[16] Orel's *nauđiʒaz.^[17]
• Compounds in Orel: *nauđi-ƀanđjō "fetter", *nauđi-þurftiz "necessity", *nauđi-sunđjō "lawful impediment" and *nauđi-þarƀō "pressing need".^[2]

Reflexes

• Gothic: 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 (nauþs, “compulsion, need, trouble”)^[18]
• Old Norse: nauð (“need”)^[11]
• Old English: nīed (“need, compulsion, fetter, duty”)^[12]
• Old Frisian: nēd (“need, danger, necessity, compulsion, violence”)^[13]
• Old Saxon: nōd (“need, distress in battle”)^[19]
• Old High German: nōt (“need, compulsion, force, distress”)^[8]

References

1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *naudiz
2. ^ a b c d Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *nauđiz
3. ^ a b c d e Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *naudi-
4. ^ a b c d e Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 385
5. ^ a b c Ringe, Don (2017), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 305
6. ^ Schaffner, Stefan (2001), Das Vernersche Gesetz und der innerparadigmatische grammatische Wechsel des Urgermanischen im Nominalbereich, Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft 103, Innsbruck, p. 474
7. ^ Casaretto, Antje (2004), Nominale Wortbildung der gotischen Sprache: Die Derivation der Substantive, Heidelberg: Winter, p. s.v. nauþs
8. ^ a b Lloyd, Albert L.; Springer, Otto; Lühr, Rosemarie, et al. (1988–), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; online ewa.saw-leipzig.de, p. s.v. nôt
9. ^ Kylstra, A. D.; Hahmo, Sirkka-Liisa; Hofstra, Tette; Nikkilä, Osmo (1991–2012), Lexikon der älteren germanischen Lehnwörter in den ostseefinnischen Sprachen, 3 vols, Amsterdam / Atlanta / New York: Rodopi, p. 304
10. ^ Krause, Wolfgang; Jankuhn, Herbert (1966), Die Runeninschriften im älteren Futhark, Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, phil.-hist. Klasse, 3. Folge 65, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, p. no. 29
11. ^ a b de Vries, Jan (1977), Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. nauð
12. ^ a b Holthausen, Ferdinand (1934), Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. nied
13. ^ a b Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. nēd
14. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *naudijaną
15. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *nauþjanan
16. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *naudīgaz
17. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *nauđiʒaz
18. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. nauþs
19. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. nôd