*gardaz

Reconstruction

The word is *gardaz in Ringe and Wiktionary,^[1][2] *ʒarđaz in Orel^[3] and the stem *garda- in Kroonen, Köbler and Pronk-Tiethoff;^[4][5][6] LÄGLOS writes *garda-z.^[7]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *gʰórdʰos (“enclosure”).^[2][1] Kroonen calls it an o-stem derived from the root *gherdh-, and finds the original PIE meaning "circle" still in Faroese.^[4]

Morphology

A masculine a-stem in North and West Germanic;^[4][8] Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 (gards) inflects as an i-stem.^[5][3] Casaretto leaves open whether the Gothic i-stem is inherited, which would mean *garda- beside *gardi-, and notes that only the a-stem has cognates outside Germanic.^[8] Beside it stands an n-stem, Kroonen's *gardan-, Orel's *ʒarđōn and Wiktionary's *gardô, in Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰 (garda, “enclosure, stockyard”) and the West Germanic words for "garden".^[4][9][10] EWA takes it as an extension of the a-stem with *-n- within Germanic.^[11]

Evidence

The word is attested in all three branches: Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 (gards) in Gothic, Old Norse garðr in Old Norse, and Old English geard, Old Saxon gard and Old High German gart in West Germanic.^[4] In Old High German the a- or i-stem is recorded from the 9th century, the n-stem Old High German garto from the 8th.^[11] The Finnish word kartano and its Finnic cognates, meaning "farmhouse, farmstead", are generally held to be loans from Germanic *gardan- or *garda-z;^[7] EWA prefers the n-stem, as Karsten did according to de Vries.^[11][12] The word was also borrowed into Middle English, Irish and Welsh, and Old French jard, the base of French jardin, points to a Frankish *gard.^[11]

Competing analyses

EWA weighs two etymologies and prefers the first, because it also accounts for the i-stem: PIE *gʰor-tó- or *-tí-, as in Ancient Greek χόρτος (khórtos, “enclosure, courtyard”) and Latin hortus (“garden”); or *gʰor-dʰo-, as in Slavic, Lithuanian and Albanian.^[11] Feist compared the Greek and Latin words and took the Slavic and Lithuanian ones as loans from Germanic.^[13] Pronk-Tiethoff argues instead that Proto-Slavic *gordъ (“fortification, town”) is no loan, but comes, like the Germanic word, from PIE *gʰord- "enclosure".^[6] Orel compares Tocharian B kerccī (“palace”), Lithuanian gar̃das and Proto-Slavic *gordъ,^[3] and Wiktionary Sanskrit गृह (gṛhá, “house”) and Albanian gardh (“hedge, fence”).^[2]

Meanings

1. enclosure^[5][2]
2. court, courtyard, yard^[4][2]
3. garden^[5][2]
4. house^[5]

Gothic used the word for "house, household, family",^[14] Old Norse for "fence, wall" as well as "yard",^[4] Old Saxon for "field, ground",^[4] and Old High German also for "circle" and "round dance".^[11]

Derivatives

• *midjagardaz "the world, Middle Earth";^[15] Orel writes *međjana-ʒarđaz.^[16]
• *wīnagardaz "vineyard";^[17] Orel writes *wīna-ʒarđaz.^[18]
• *fadurgardaz "father's house".^[19]
• *gardiz "enclosure, yard", a feminine derivative.^[20]
• *ʒarđjan "fenced field", which Orel derives from the noun.^[9]

Reflexes

• Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 (gards, “house, family, court”)^[14]
• Old Norse: garðr (“fence, yard, garden”)^[12]
• Old English: geard (“yard, enclosure, hedge, dwelling, land”)^[21]
• Old Frisian: only the n-stem garda (“family property, court”)^[22][4]
• Old Saxon: gard (“field, earth, dwelling”)^[23]
• Old High German: gart (“garden, enclosure, circle”)^[11]

References

1. ^ a b Ringe, Don (2017), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 109
2. ^ a b c d e f Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *gardaz
3. ^ a b c Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 126
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 169
5. ^ a b c d e Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *garda-
6. ^ a b Pronk-Tiethoff, Saskia (2013), The Germanic Loanwords in Proto-Slavic, Leiden Studies in Indo-European 20, Amsterdam / New York: Rodopi, p. s.v. *gordъ
7. ^ a b Kylstra, A. D.; Hahmo, Sirkka-Liisa; Hofstra, Tette; Nikkilä, Osmo (1991–2012), Lexikon der älteren germanischen Lehnwörter in den ostseefinnischen Sprachen, 3 vols, Amsterdam / Atlanta / New York: Rodopi, p. 53
8. ^ a b Casaretto, Antje (2004), Nominale Wortbildung der gotischen Sprache: Die Derivation der Substantive, Heidelberg: Winter, p. s.v. gards
9. ^ a b Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 127
10. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *gardô
11. ^ a b c d e f g Lloyd, Albert L.; Springer, Otto; Lühr, Rosemarie, et al. (1988–), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; online ewa.saw-leipzig.de, p. s.v. gart²
12. ^ a b de Vries, Jan (1977), Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. garðr
13. ^ Feist, Sigmund (1939), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3rd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. gards
14. ^ a b Lehmann, Winfred P. (1986), A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, based on the third edition of Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache by Sigmund Feist, Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. gards
15. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *midjagardaz
16. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 264
17. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *wīnagardaz
18. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 467
19. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *fadurgardaz
20. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *gardiz
21. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. geard
22. ^ Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. garda
23. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. gard