*durz

Reconstruction

The word is *durz in Wiktionary,^[1] *đurz in Orel^[2] and *dur- in Köbler, Ringe and Bammesberger.^[3][4][5]

Etymology

It is from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwer- (“door”):^[1][5] Ringe derives *dur- from the PIE *dʰwór- ~ *dʰur- "door", with the zero grade generalised,^[4] and Wiktionary takes *durz as probably back-formed from *dʰur-ih₁, an old neuter dual.^[1]

Morphology

A feminine root noun in Orel, Köbler and Bammesberger.^[2][3][5] Bammesberger explains Old Norse dyrr directly as the plural *dur-iz, while Old English built a u-stem on the accusatives *dur-un, *dur-unz, from PIE *dʰur-m̥, *dʰur-n̥s.^[5] Casaretto calls the root noun inherited, originally "door leaf" in the singular and "door" in the dual or plural.^[6]

Evidence

The root noun is North and West Germanic: Old Norse dyrr, Old English duru, Old Frisian dure, Old Saxon duru and Old High German turi.^[7][8] Gothic has only the neuter Gothic 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂 (daur, “single-winged gate”) and the n-stem plural Gothic 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐌽𐍃 (daurons, “double door”).^[8][9] The cognates include Ancient Greek θύρα (thúra), Latin foris, Lithuanian dùrys and Proto-Slavic *dvьrь.^[10][2]

Competing analyses

The sources divide the Germanic material differently: Kroonen sets up no root noun: he has a plural i-stem *durī- "door", for the Old Norse, Old Saxon and Old High German forms, which he bases, in view of the neuter gender of Old Norse dyrr, on the old dual *dʰur-ih₁ of the neuter *dura- "gate, single door", and traces Old English duru, Old Frisian dore and Old High German tura to an ō-stem *durō-.^[10] Wiktionary has separate entries for the neuter *durą "big door, gate" and the i-stem *durīz "door", reformed from earlier *durī.^[11][12] Orel sets up *đurz beside a variant *đuran or *đurō,^[2] and Köbler a feminine *dur- beside a neuter *dura-.^[3][13]

Meanings

1. door^[10][3][1]
2. hatch, flap^[1]

The single-winged Gothic 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂 (daur) was distinguished from the double door, Gothic 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐌽𐍃 (daurons).^[9] Old Frisian also used the word for the gate of a sluice.^[14]

Derivatives

• *durawardaz "door-keeper";^[15] Orel writes *đura-warđaz.^[2]
• *durastudō "doorpost";^[16] Orel writes *đura-stuđō.^[2]

Reflexes

• Gothic: no root noun; the neuter 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂 (daur, “gate”) continues a different stem^[8][10]
• Old Norse: dyrr (“door”), a plural^[7]
• Old English: duru (“door, gate”)^[17]
• Old Frisian: dure (“door”)^[14]
• Old Saxon: duru (“door”)^[18]
• Old Dutch: duri (“door”)^[3]
• Old High German: turi (“door, gate”)^[19]

References

1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *durz
2. ^ a b c d e f Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 79
3. ^ a b c d e Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *dur-
4. ^ a b Ringe, Don (2017), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 121, 222
5. ^ a b c d Bammesberger, Alfred (1990), Die Morphologie des urgermanischen Nomens, Heidelberg: Winter, p. 197
6. ^ Casaretto, Antje (2004), Nominale Wortbildung der gotischen Sprache: Die Derivation der Substantive, Heidelberg: Winter, p. s.v. daur
7. ^ a b de Vries, Jan (1977), Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. dyrr
8. ^ a b c Feist, Sigmund (1939), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3rd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. daur
9. ^ a b Lehmann, Winfred P. (1986), A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, based on the third edition of Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache by Sigmund Feist, Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. daur
10. ^ a b c d Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 110
11. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *durą
12. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *durīz
13. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *dura-
14. ^ a b Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. dure
15. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *durawardaz
16. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *durastudō
17. ^ Holthausen, Ferdinand (1934), Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. duru
18. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. duru
19. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 6th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. turi