*daudaz

Reconstruction

The adjective is *daudaz in Ringe and Wiktionary,^[1][2] *đauđaz in Orel,^[3] and the stem *dauda- in Kroonen, Heidermanns and Köbler, who also gives *dauþa-.^[4][5][6]

Etymology

Köbler and Bammesberger derive it from Proto-Indo-European *dʰew- (“to die, to vanish”).^[6][7] Kroonen sets up a preform *dʰou(H)-tó-,^[4] Wiktionary a Pre-Germanic *dʰowHtós.^[2]

Morphology

The old past participle of *dawjaną "to die", Kroonen's *daujan-:^[4][2] Heidermanns calls it an old verbal adjective of the strong verb, with the basic meaning "having died".^[5] Ringe counts it among the lexicalised adjectives in PIE *-tó-, mostly formed to verb roots.^[8] The d is the Verner variant expected in such an oxytone verbal adjective;^[9] Gothic 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 (dauþs) has þ after the noun Gothic 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌿𐍃 (dauþus, “death”).^[10][5] Fulk explains it rather as a generalised stem with root accent, *dáuþa-, against *dauðá- in the other languages.^[11]

Evidence

The adjective is attested in all three branches: Gothic 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 (dauþs), Old Norse dauðr, Old English dēad, Old Frisian dād, Old Saxon dōd and Old High German tōt.^[4] Heidermanns calls it common Germanic,^[5] and the Gothic word is in Wulfila's Bible.^[12] Heidermanns takes the d of the runic compound "treacherous death" on the Björketorp and Stentoften stones as proof that Old Norse dauði (“death”) is built on the adjective.^[5]

Competing analyses

On the disputed root, Kroonen thinks LIV's causative cannot be reconciled with the strong verb of Norse and starts from an o-grade intensive; he prefers a link with Hittite tuḥḥušzi (“to end”) from *dʰuh₂/₃-s- to the comparisons with *dʰeu- "to run" and *dʰueh₂- "to blow, smoke", and thinks the Germanic verb became a euphemism for dying.^[4] Orel derives the adjective from *đewanan, and Gothic þ from the influence of the noun *đauþaz ~ *đauþuz.^[3] Köbler sets up a separate *dauda- "mobile" for Gothic 𐌿𐍃𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 (usdauþs, “eager”),^[6] which Heidermanns explains as an exocentric compound of the noun "death".^[5]

Meanings

1. dead^[4][6][2]

Old English also used the word for "stiff", "numb" and "sluggish",^[13] and Old Frisian also for "invalid" and "settled".^[14]

Derivatives

• *daudijaną "to kill", a factitive verb, Orel's *đauđjanan.^[1][15][16]
• *halbadaudaz "half-dead", Orel's *xalƀa-đauđaz.^[17][18]
• With the suffix -nō-: Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌽𐌰𐌽 (gadauþnan, “to die”).^[5]
• Related is *dauþuz "death", a tu-stem to the verb in Kroonen,^[19] the adjective made a noun in Orel.^[20]

Reflexes

• Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 (dauþs, “dead”)^[12]
• Old Norse: dauðr (“dead, killed”)^[21]
• Old English: dēad (“dead, stiff, numb”)^[13]
• Old Frisian: dād (“dead”)^[14]
• Old Saxon: dōd (“dead”)^[22]
• Old Dutch: dōd (“dead”)^[6]
• Old High German: tōt (“dead”)^[23]

References

1. ^ a b Ringe, Don (2017), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 283
2. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *daudaz
3. ^ a b Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *đauđaz
4. ^ a b c d e f Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 90
5. ^ a b c d e f g Heidermanns, Frank (1993), Etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen Primäradjektive, Berlin / New York: De Gruyter, p. § 149
6. ^ a b c d e Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *dauda-
7. ^ Bammesberger, Alfred (1990), Die Morphologie des urgermanischen Nomens, Heidelberg: Winter, p. 249
8. ^ Ringe, Don (2017), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 326
9. ^ Schaffner, Stefan (2001), Das Vernersche Gesetz und der innerparadigmatische grammatische Wechsel des Urgermanischen im Nominalbereich, Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft 103, Innsbruck, p. 279
10. ^ Schaffner, Stefan (2001), Das Vernersche Gesetz und der innerparadigmatische grammatische Wechsel des Urgermanischen im Nominalbereich, Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft 103, Innsbruck, p. 259
11. ^ Fulk, R. D. (2018), A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages, Studies in Germanic Linguistics 3, Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins
12. ^ a b Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. dauþs
13. ^ a b Holthausen, Ferdinand (1934), Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. dēad
14. ^ a b Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. dād
15. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *daudijaną
16. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *đauđjanan
17. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *halbadaudaz
18. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *xalƀa-đauđaz
19. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 91
20. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *đauþaz
21. ^ Köbler, Gerhard, Altnordisches Wörterbuch, online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary database copy), p. s.v. dauðr
22. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. dôd
23. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 6th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. tōt