jugement

Forms

jugement m (oblique plural jugemenz, jugementz; nominative singular jugemenz, jugementz)^[1]

• jugemant, juigement, jujement, jucement, jogement, judgement, juggement^[2][3]

Chrétien de Troyes writes jugemant, Picard texts jucement and Anglo-Norman ones also jogement.^[2][4]

Etymology

It is formed from Old French jugier (“to judge”) + -ment.^[5][6] Wiktionary also allows a continuation of Late Latin iūdicāmentum (“judgement”),^[1] a Medieval Latin word for a sentence or a plea.^[7] The verb continues Latin iūdicō (“to judge”), from iūdex (“judge”),^[8] and the DEAF sees in its survival across the whole Romance area the lasting use of Roman law.^[2] The corresponding word is Old Occitan jujament.^[1]

Earliest recorded meaning

The DEAF's earliest record is a gloss on Isaiah in Rashi's commentaries at the end of the 11th century, written in Hebrew letters, followed by the Chanson de Roland, where the word means a sentence given by an authority entitled to judge.^[2][9] The TLFi also starts with the Roland, about 1100, for a sentence pronounced by a court or judge.^[5][10]

Semantic evolution

Early in the 12th century the Voyage de saint Brendan uses the word for the Last Judgement.^[5] About 1165 Benoît de Sainte-Maure's Roman de Troie has it for an appraisal outside the law, and Chrétien de Troyes uses au mien jugemant for “in my opinion”.^[5][4] The DEAF also records it for the proceedings to obtain a sentence and for the carrying out of one, and in proverbs such as Jugement n'espargne nului “judgement spares no one”.^[2]

The faculty of judging is first named so by Oresme in 1370–1372, and the logical sense of an assertion dates from Descartes in 1637.^[5] The modern word jugement keeps the legal and the mental senses.^[5]

Timeline

• end of the 11th century – in Rashi's glosses, in Hebrew letters.^[2][9]
• c. 1100 – a court's sentence in the Chanson de Roland.^[5][10]
• early 12th century – the Last Judgement in the Voyage de saint Brendan.^[5]
• 1113–1119 – the earliest Anglo-Norman record the AND cites.^[3]
• c. 1165 – an appraisal outside the law in the Roman de Troie.^[5]
• c. 1176 – jugemant in Chrétien de Troyes's Cligès.^[4]
• 1370–1372 – the faculty of judging, in Oresme.^[5]

Meanings

Noun

1. a judgement, sentence or verdict given by an authority.^[2][4][3]
2. a trial, court proceedings.^[11][3]
3. the Last Judgement.^[12][5][3]
4. opinion, appraisal (au mien jugement “in my opinion”).^[4][13]
5. (law, Anglo-Norman) a judicial writ.^[3]

Anglo-Norman

The AND first cites the word from 1113–1119 and lists spellings from jogement and jougement to judgement, juggement and jugment.^[3] Beside judgement, sentence and opinion, it records legal phrases for trial and fair trial, the writ against suitors who gave a false judgement, and Judgement Day.^[3] English judgment, from the middle of the 13th century, was taken from the Old French word.^[6]

Descendants

• English judgment (borrowed)^[1]
• French jugement^[1]
• Norman jugement^[1]
• Walloon djudjmint^[1]

Usage notes

The word is headed jugement in Tobler–Lommatzsch, the DÉCT, the AND and the DMF; the DEAF treats it in its article jugier and the FEW under Latin jūdicāre.^{[14][4][3][2]}

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h Baldinger, Kurt; Möhren, Frankwalt; Städtler, Thomas, eds. (1971–2021), Dictionnaire étymologique de l'ancien français (DEAF), Heidelberg: Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften; DEAFél / DEAFpré, deaf-server.adw.uni-heidelberg.de, p. s.v. jugier
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Anglo-Norman Dictionary (AND2), Aberystwyth University, anglo-norman.net (2nd ed., 2005–), p. s.v. jugement
4. ^ a b c d e f Dictionnaire électronique de Chrétien de Troyes (DÉCT), LFA / Université d'Ottawa – ATILF, CNRS / Université de Lorraine (2014), p. s.v. jugement
5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Trésor de la langue française informatisé (2004), ATILF – CNRS & Université de Lorraine, atilf.fr/tlfi; electronic version of Imbs, Paul; Quemada, Bernard, eds. (1971–1994), Trésor de la langue française, Paris: CNRS / Gallimard
6. ^ a b Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
7. ^ Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill
8. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
9. ^ a b Möhren, Frankwalt, Dictionnaire étymologique de l'ancien français (DEAF): Complément bibliographique, electronic version (DEAFBiblEl), Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, alma.hadw-bw.de/deafbibl (texts by siglum, with their dates), p. RaschiD2
10. ^ a b UD Old French PROFITEROLE and UD Middle French PROFITEROLE treebanks, Universal Dependencies (from the SRCMF and the Base de français médiéval; texts by DEAF siglum), p. RolS
11. ^ Tobler, Adolf; Lommatzsch, Erhard (1925–2002), Altfranzösisches Wörterbuch, 11 vols., Berlin / Wiesbaden / Stuttgart: Weidmann / Steiner, p. 4:1841
12. ^ Tobler, Adolf; Lommatzsch, Erhard (1925–2002), Altfranzösisches Wörterbuch, 11 vols., Berlin / Wiesbaden / Stuttgart: Weidmann / Steiner, p. 4:1842
13. ^ Tobler, Adolf; Lommatzsch, Erhard (1925–2002), Altfranzösisches Wörterbuch, 11 vols., Berlin / Wiesbaden / Stuttgart: Weidmann / Steiner, p. 4:1843
14. ^ Tobler, Adolf; Lommatzsch, Erhard (1925–2002), Altfranzösisches Wörterbuch, 11 vols., Berlin / Wiesbaden / Stuttgart: Weidmann / Steiner, p. 4:1838