Etymologically
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père

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Pronunciation

  • IPA: /pɛʁ/[1]
  • IPA (Europe): [pɛːʁ][1]
  • IPA (Quebec): [paɛ̯ʁ][1]
  • IPA (Louisiana): [pæɾ][1]

Forms

père m (plural pères)[1] Old French paire (about 980), pedre (about 1050) and pere (1080); the Académie wrote pere in 1694 and 1718 and père from 1740.[2][3][4]

Etymology

It is inherited from Old French pedre, inherited from Latin pater (“father; founder; old man”) (accusative “patrem”), from Proto-Italic *patēr, from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr.[4][2][1][5] In Latin “pater” expressed above all a social and religious value, the head of the household, the “pater familias”, rather than physical fatherhood, for which Latin said genitor; it was used as a title of respect for men and gods, as in “Iuppiter”.[2][4] Christian Latin applied it to God the creator, to bishops, to the Fathers of the Church and to monks.[4]

The Indo-European word is also seen in Sanskrit पितृ (pitṛ́), Ancient Greek πατήρ (patḗr), Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌳𐌰𐍂 (fadar) and English father; a familiar word “*atta” replaced it in Hittite, Slavic and Gothic everyday use.[2][6] Cognate with Italian padre, Occitan paire, Catalan pare, Spanish padre and Portuguese pai.[6][7]

Earliest recorded meaning

It is first found in the Passion de Clermont (late 10th century) as paire, of God as creator and first person of the Trinity: devant lo paire gloriae.[4][2]

Semantic evolution

Before the end of the 12th century the word had its basic senses: God addressed in prayer (Deu ! perre, 1080), the man who has begotten children (about 1050, Vie de saint Alexis), one who acts as a father to another (about 1120), and a title in religious orders (1160–1174).[4][2] Père et mère is found about 1150, de père à fils in 1260 (de père en fils in 1678), and père de famille in 1487, after Latin pater familias.[4][2] It is used of a male animal from about 1180.[4]

From the 13th century it also meant an ancestor (Adam nostre premier pere), a protector of a community, and, from 1519 the founder or initiator of something.[4][2] Le saint père “the Pope” dates from about 1350, les pères de l'Église from 1614 (already ancien Pere in Calvin, 1541), and le père with a name, for an old man, from 1764.[4][8] In African French père may also mean a paternal uncle.[2][9]

Timeline

  • Late 10th century – Paire, of God, in the Passion de Clermont.[4]
  • c. 1050 – Pedre “father” in the Vie de saint Alexis.[4][3]
  • 1080 – Pere in the Chanson de Roland.[3]
  • 1160–1174 – Title of members of a religious order.[4]
  • c. 1350 – Le saint pere “the Pope”.[4]
  • 1487 – Père de famille.[4]
  • 1519 – “Founder, originator”: le Père du mensonge.[4]
  • 1678 – De père en fils in La Fontaine.[4]
  • 1764 – Père before a name, of an old man.[4]

Meanings

Noun

  1. A father, a man who has begotten or adopted a child.[9][10]
  2. A male animal in relation to its young; a sire.[4][9]
  3. A man who acts as a father to someone.[9][4]
  4. The founder or originator of something: le père de la psychanalyse.[9][4]
  5. A title given to priests, les Pères de l'Église, the Church Fathers.[9][4]
  6. Dieu le Père: God the Father.[1][4]
  7. Le père with a name: old man, used familiarly: le père Leroux.[4]
  8. (Africa) A paternal uncle; any respected older man.[9][2]

Word family

  • beau-père
  • grand-père
  • pépère

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert
  3. ^ a b c Guilbert, Louis; Lagane, René; Niobey, Georges, eds. (1971–1978; 1989), Grand Larousse de la langue française, Paris: Larousse
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Trésor de la langue française informatisé (2004), ATILF – CNRS & Université de Lorraine, atilf.fr/tlfi; electronic version of Imbs, Paul; Quemada, Bernard, eds. (1971–1994), Trésor de la langue française, Paris: CNRS / Gallimard
  5. ^ Wartburg, Walther von, et al. (1922–2002), Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, 25 vols., Bonn / Leipzig / Basel: Klopp / Teubner / Zbinden, p. 8, 8a
  6. ^ a b Rey-Debove, Josette; Rey, Alain, eds. (2007), Le Petit Robert de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert
  7. ^ Littré, Émile (1873–1877), Dictionnaire de la langue française, 4 vols. and supplement, Paris: Hachette
  8. ^ Quemada, Bernard, ed. (1959–2006), Datations et documents lexicographiques (Base historique du vocabulaire français, BHVF), Paris: Klincksieck / CNRS / Champion; ATILF
  9. ^ a b c d e f g Dictionnaire de français Larousse, larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais (accessed 2024)
  10. ^ Dictionnaire Le Robert en ligne, dictionnaire.lerobert.com (accessed 2024)