Etymologically
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déployer

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Pronunciation

  • IPA: /de.plwa.je/[1]

Forms

déployer[1] Old French desploier, despleier[1][2] and Middle French desployer.[1]

Etymology

It is from French dé- + ployer,[3][4][5] from Old French desploier, formed with des- on ploiier (“to fold”), from Latin plicō (“to fold”).[1][5][6] Wiktionary also mentions a possible Late Latin displicō or Latin dēplicō (“to unfold”) as the source.[1]

Cognate with Occitan desplegar, Spanish desplegar, Portuguese despregar and Italian dispiegare.[2]

Earliest recorded meaning

About 1130 the Gormont et Isembart uses it for spreading out something folded;[3] 12th-century epics have banners desploies “unfurled”.[2]

Semantic evolution

From the late 13th century it was used figuratively for “to spend, bring into play” (déployer son éloquence, later déployer une activité).[3][7] The military sense, “to spread (troops) from column into line of battle”, is recorded by Robert Estienne in 1538.[3][4] Rire à gorge déployée “to laugh heartily” dates from 1548.[3][8]

Bloch and Wartburg explain that plier arose as an analogical variant of ployer and that the 17th century fixed their uses;[5] beside déployer, déplier (1538) kept the concrete sense of unfolding.[5] In recent use déployer also means to roll out a new system or software to users.[8]

Timeline

  • c. 1130 – First record, in Gormont et Isembart.[3]
  • Late 13th century – “To bring into play”, in the Lai de l'Ombre.[3]
  • 1538 – “To deploy (troops)”, in Estienne; the noun déploiement.[3][5]
  • 1548 – À gorge desployée in Noël du Fail.[3]
  • 1694 – Recorded by the Académie.[3]

Meanings

Verb

  1. To unfold or spread out (something folded or rolled): déployer les voiles, déployer ses ailes.[8][9]
  2. Rire à gorge déployée: to laugh heartily.[8][10]
  3. To spread out over a wider area; to deploy (troops).[8][7]
  4. To display or bring fully into play: déployer une grande activité.[7][3]
  5. To roll out (a system or software) to its users.[8]

Word family

  • déploiement
  • déplier
  • ployer
  • plier
  • English deploy
  • English display

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c Littré, Émile (1873–1877), Dictionnaire de la langue française, 4 vols. and supplement, Paris: Hachette
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Trésor de la langue française informatisé (2004), ATILF – CNRS & Université de Lorraine, atilf.fr/tlfi; electronic version of Imbs, Paul; Quemada, Bernard, eds. (1971–1994), Trésor de la langue française, Paris: CNRS / Gallimard
  4. ^ a b Rey, Alain, ed. (2005), Le Grand Robert de la langue française, electronic version, Paris: Le Robert
  5. ^ a b c d e Bloch, Oscar; Wartburg, Walther von (1989), Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue française, 8th ed., Paris: Presses universitaires de France
  6. ^ Wartburg, Walther von, et al. (1922–2002), Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, 25 vols., Bonn / Leipzig / Basel: Klopp / Teubner / Zbinden, p. 9, 70b
  7. ^ a b c Guilbert, Louis; Lagane, René; Niobey, Georges, eds. (1971–1978; 1989), Grand Larousse de la langue française, Paris: Larousse
  8. ^ a b c d e f Rey-Debove, Josette; Rey, Alain, eds. (2007), Le Petit Robert de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert
  9. ^ Dictionnaire de français Larousse, larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais (accessed 2024)
  10. ^ Dictionnaire Le Robert en ligne, dictionnaire.lerobert.com (accessed 2024)