croustade

Forms

croustade f (plural croustades)^[1]

Etymology

It is probably borrowed from Italian crostata (“tart”), like many French cooking words such as caviar, céleri and cervelas.^[2][3] The Italian word, recorded from the mid-13th century, is a derivative of crosta (“crust”).^[2][3][4][5] The Italian noun comes from Latin crusta, the source of croûte.^[4][6] The TLFi and Rey prefer this to a borrowing from Languedoc croustado (“pie”), since the Occitan word is recorded only from 1756;^[2][3][7] Bloch and Wartburg, the GLLF and the Grand Robert leave the choice open between Italian and Provençal.^[8][6][9] Wiktionary likewise gives crostada or the Italian word, and compares Catalan crostada.^[1]

Earliest recorded meaning

It first appears in 1712 in pâté de croustade, in Massialot's Nouveau cuisinier royal et bourgeois.^[2][3][6]

Semantic evolution

On its own the word is recorded from 1735 (épaule de mouton en croustade, in the Cuisinier moderne), for a pastry crust filled with meat or another preparation.^[2][3] Littré describes it as a dish prepared with a crust of bread.^[10] Bloch and Wartburg date it to 1716.^[8]

In Quebec croustade also names a fruit crumble.^[1][11] The French Wiktionary records it as well for a pastry speciality of the Couserans valleys in Ariège.^[11]

Timeline

• c. 1250 – Italian crostata is recorded in the Novellino.^[2]
• 1712 – Pâté de croustade in Massialot.^[2][3]
• 1735 – Croustade used on its own, in the Cuisinier moderne.^[2][3]
• 1756 – Languedoc croustado “pie” first recorded.^[2][3]

Meanings

Noun

1. (cooking) A shell of pastry (a croûte), fried, short or puff, filled with various preparations: une croustade aux champignons.^{[2][12][4][13]}
2. (Quebec) A fruit crumble.^[1][11]
3. A pastry speciality of the Couserans, in Ariège.^[11]

Related words

• croûte
• croustillant
• Italian crostata
• Latin crusta

References

1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Trésor de la langue française informatisé (2004), ATILF – CNRS & Université de Lorraine, atilf.fr/tlfi; electronic version of Imbs, Paul; Quemada, Bernard, eds. (1971–1994), Trésor de la langue française, Paris: CNRS / Gallimard
3. ^ a b c d e f g h Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert
4. ^ a b c Académie française (1992–2024), Dictionnaire de l'Académie française, 9th ed., Paris: Académie française / Fayard / Imprimerie nationale
5. ^ Dictionnaire de français Larousse, larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais (accessed 2024)
6. ^ a b c Guilbert, Louis; Lagane, René; Niobey, Georges, eds. (1971–1978; 1989), Grand Larousse de la langue française, Paris: Larousse
7. ^ Wartburg, Walther von, et al. (1922–2002), Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, 25 vols., Bonn / Leipzig / Basel: Klopp / Teubner / Zbinden, p. 2, 1372b
8. ^ a b Bloch, Oscar; Wartburg, Walther von (1989), Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue française, 8th ed., Paris: Presses universitaires de France
9. ^ Rey, Alain, ed. (2005), Le Grand Robert de la langue française, electronic version, Paris: Le Robert
10. ^ Littré, Émile (1873–1877), Dictionnaire de la langue française, 4 vols. and supplement, Paris: Hachette
11. ^ a b c d Wiktionnaire (French Wiktionary), fr.wiktionary.org
12. ^ Rey-Debove, Josette; Rey, Alain, eds. (2007), Le Petit Robert de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert
13. ^ Dictionnaire Le Robert en ligne, dictionnaire.lerobert.com (accessed 2024)