Etymologically
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contrôle

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Pronunciation

  • IPA: /kɔ̃.tʁol/[1]

Forms

contrôle m (plural contrôles)[1] First contrerooulle (1367), controlle (1422), controle (1611, Cotgrave), with the circumflex from the 18th century;[2][3] contre-rôle lasted until about 1732.[2][3]

Etymology

It is a contraction of contrerole, formed from contre and rôle in its old legal sense “register”, a double register kept to check another; the word replaced Medieval Latin contrārotulus (1242).[3][2][4] The loss of one syllable is a haplology, as in idolâtre.[3][1] That noun was borrowed from Medieval Latin rotulus (“roll”), a diminutive of rota (“wheel”).[5][1] The derivative contrôleur is recorded earlier, in 1292.[2][5]

Earliest recorded meaning

A royal account of Navarre (1367) has contrerooulle for a register kept in duplicate to check another.[2][3]

Semantic evolution

By metonymy it took its modern sense, checking acts, rights and documents (1419), and spread into general use with the sense “supervision” (about 1580).[2][3] The army's contrôles, the list of names of a corps, date from 1802 (rayé des contrôles).[2][3] It named the hallmark stamped on gold and silver (1771), the place where tickets are checked in a theatre (1835) and the body of inspectors (1845).[3][6] In the 20th century, under the influence of English control, it took the senses “self-control”, “mastery” (perdre le contrôle) and, in technology, checking that a machine works, as in contrôle technique;[3][6] contrôle des naissances (about 1955) renders birth control.[3][6] Quebec French says sous contrôle for “well in hand”, after the English.[3]

Timeline

  • 1292 – The derivative contrôleur.[2]
  • 1367 – Contrerooulle, a duplicate register.[2]
  • 1419 – Contreule “verification”.[2]
  • 1422 – The form controlle.[2]
  • c. 1580 – “Supervision”.[3]
  • 1771 – The hallmark on gold and silver.[3]
  • 1802 – The army's contrôles.[2]
  • c. 1955 – Contrôle des naissances.[6]

Meanings

Noun

  1. Checking, verification, inspection: contrôle d'identité, contrôle des billets, contrôle fiscal.[7][8]
  2. (education) A test.[1][8]
  3. Supervision, power to direct.[3][9]
  4. Control, mastery: perdre le contrôle; self-control.[9][3]
  5. The office or place where checks are made: se présenter au contrôle.[9]
  6. The hallmark on gold and silver work.[4][3]
  7. (military) The roll of a corps: rayé des contrôles.[4][6]
  8. Contrôle des naissances: birth control.[6]

Word family

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Trésor de la langue française informatisé (2004), ATILF – CNRS & Université de Lorraine, atilf.fr/tlfi; electronic version of Imbs, Paul; Quemada, Bernard, eds. (1971–1994), Trésor de la langue française, Paris: CNRS / Gallimard
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert
  4. ^ a b c Rey, Alain, ed. (2005), Le Grand Robert de la langue française, electronic version, Paris: Le Robert
  5. ^ a b Bloch, Oscar; Wartburg, Walther von (1989), Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue française, 8th ed., Paris: Presses universitaires de France
  6. ^ a b c d e f Guilbert, Louis; Lagane, René; Niobey, Georges, eds. (1971–1978; 1989), Grand Larousse de la langue française, Paris: Larousse
  7. ^ Rey-Debove, Josette; Rey, Alain, eds. (2007), Le Petit Robert de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert
  8. ^ a b Dictionnaire Le Robert en ligne, dictionnaire.lerobert.com (accessed 2024)
  9. ^ a b c Dictionnaire de français Larousse, larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais (accessed 2024)