tratado

Forms

tratado m (plural tratados)^[1] Medieval texts often keep the Latin ⟨ct⟩, tractado (Berceo, the Fueros de Aragón of 1247, Alfonso X's Judizios of 1254), beside tratado.^[2][3] Tractados still appears in Nicaragua in 1526.^[4]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Latin tractātus (“handling, treatment; a treatise”), a noun formed from tractō (“to handle, manage”), which in turn comes from the past participle of trahō (“to pull, drag”).^[5][6][7][8] Wiktionary also allows it to be the past participle of tratar used as a noun, or a semi-learned borrowing.^[1] Bénaben separates the senses: the agreement is the participle, what has been settled at the end of the negotiation, while the treatise is the Latin noun, used of developing and examining a subject.^[9]

The verb, also first recorded in 1220–1250, is itself taken from the Latin verb, whose senses ran from “to touch, finger” to “to manage, administer”.^[10][11] Corominas records the noun from Berceo, and Nebrija glosses it with the Latin noun and with tractātiō (“handling, treatment”).^[10][11][12]

The same Latin noun gave Portuguese tratado, Asturian tratáu and Catalan tractat, and the same sense appears in French traité and Italian trattato.^{[13][14][15][16]}

Earliest recorded meaning

Berceo's Vida de Santo Domingo de Silos (c. 1236, in a copy of the late 13th century) uses the word for the written account he follows: como diz el tractado “as the treatise says”.^[2] In Alfonso X's Judizios de las estrellas (1254) it is a section of a book: aquis cunple el tractado quinto del libro “here the fifth treatise of the book ends”.^[3]

Semantic evolution

The sense “written work on a subject” is the oldest and is the only one Covarrubias gives in 1611, along with tratas for the dealings of merchants.^[17] The Diccionario de Autoridades records the participle and, used as a noun, both the agreement reached after a matter has been discussed and the treatise.^[18][19] Terreros adds negotiations and conventions of peace and marriage, naming the treaty of Münster.^[20]

A Tratado de Paz is recorded in Bogotá in 1751.^[4] The Academy's edition of 1869 was the first to say that the word is used especially of agreements between princes or governments, and the DLE now defines an international treaty as an agreement between states or international organisations governed by international law.^[21][5] From the noun comes tratadista, a writer of treatises.^[11][22]

Timeline

• 1220–1250 – first record, in Berceo.^[11][10]
• c. 1236 – Berceo's Vida de Santo Domingo de Silos has tractado for a written account.^[2]
• 1240–1250 – the Libro de Alexandre: yo leí el tratado “I read the treatise” (in a copy of the early 15th century).^[2]
• 1254 – Alfonso X's Judizios uses it for a section of a book.^[3]
• c. 1495 – Nebrija glosses it tractatus, tractatio.^[23][12]
• 1526 – first record from the Americas, in Nicaragua.^[4]
• 1611 – Covarrubias defines it as a book that treats a subject.^[17]
• 1726–1739 – the Diccionario de Autoridades adds the sense “agreement”.^[18]
• 1751 – a Tratado de Paz in Bogotá.^[4]
• 1869 – the Academy mentions agreements between princes or governments.^[21]
• 1884 – the Academy first gives the etymology, from Latin tractatus.^[24]

Meanings

Noun

1. An agreement or settlement of a matter reached after it has been discussed.^[5]
2. The document in which such an agreement is set down.^[5][25]
3. A treaty: an agreement between states or international organisations, governed by international law: Ambos gobiernos ratificaron el tratado en marzo.^[5][1]
4. A treatise: a written work or discourse on a particular subject: Escribió un tratado sobre la poda de los olivos.^[5][25]

Word family

• tratadista

Related words

• tratar
• trato
• traer
• Portuguese tratado

References

1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d Real Academia Española (2013–), Corpus del Diccionario histórico de la lengua española (CDH), version 3.1, https://apps.rae.es/CNDHE
3. ^ a b c Kasten, Lloyd A.; Nitti, John J.; Gago Jover, Francisco (2002–), Diccionario de la prosa castellana del Rey Alfonso X, New York: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies (electronic edition 2024)
4. ^ a b c d Boyd-Bowman, Peter (2003), Léxico hispanoamericano 1493–1993, ed. Ray Harris-Northall and John J. Nitti, New York: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, p. s.v. tractado
5. ^ a b c d e f Real Academia Española; Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (2014–), Diccionario de la lengua española, 23rd ed., online version 23.8, https://dle.rae.es, p. s.v. tratado
6. ^ Lleal, Coloma (dir.), DICCA-XV: Diccionario del castellano del siglo XV en la Corona de Aragón, Barcelona: Universitat de Barcelona, Grup d'Estudis d'Història de la Llengua (GHCL), https://ghcl.ub.edu/diccaxv
7. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
8. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
9. ^ Bénaben, Michel (2000), Dictionnaire étymologique de l'espagnol, Paris: Ellipses
10. ^ a b c Corominas, Joan; Pascual, José A. (1980–1991), Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico, 6 vols., Madrid: Gredos, p. 5, 575
11. ^ a b c d Corominas, Joan (1973), Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana, 3rd ed., Madrid: Gredos, p. s.v. traer
12. ^ a b Nebrija, Antonio de (1513), Vocabulario español-latino, Salamanca, ed. Marina Vidal Díez (2007), Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes, p. 424
13. ^ Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. tratado
14. ^ Academia de la Llingua Asturiana (2000), Diccionariu de la Llingua Asturiana, Uviéu: ALLA; online at https://mas.academiadelallingua.com/diccionariu, p. s.v. tratáu
15. ^ Alcover, Antoni M.; Moll, Francesc de B. (1930–1962), Diccionari català-valencià-balear, 10 vols., Palma de Mallorca: Moll, p. s.v. tractat
16. ^ Echegaray, Eduardo de (1887–1889), Diccionario general etimológico de la lengua española, 5 vols., Madrid: José María Faquineto, p. 570
17. ^ a b Covarrubias Orozco, Sebastián de (1611), Tesoro de la lengua castellana o española, Madrid: Luis Sánchez (Biblioteca Wordkers transcription, CC BY 4.0), p. 1, 1347
18. ^ a b Real Academia Española (1726–1739), Diccionario de la lengua castellana (Diccionario de Autoridades), 6 vols., Madrid: Francisco del Hierro, p. 6, 343
19. ^ Real Academia Española (1726–1739), Diccionario de la lengua castellana (Diccionario de Autoridades), 6 vols., Madrid: Francisco del Hierro, p. s.v. tratado
20. ^ Terreros y Pando, Esteban de (1786–1793), Diccionario castellano con las voces de ciencias y artes y sus correspondientes de las tres lenguas francesa, latina e italiana, 4 vols., Madrid: Viuda de Ibarra, p. 3, 694
21. ^ a b Real Academia Española (1869), Diccionario de la lengua castellana, 11th ed., Madrid: Imprenta de Don Manuel Rivadeneyra, p. 763
22. ^ Segura Munguía, Santiago (2001), Nuevo diccionario etimológico latín-español y de las voces derivadas, Bilbao: Universidad de Deusto
23. ^ Nebrija, Antonio de (c. 1495), Vocabulario español-latino, Salamanca (facsimile, Madrid: Real Academia Española 1951), p. 205
24. ^ Real Academia Española (1884), Diccionario de la lengua castellana, 12th ed., Madrid: Imprenta de D. Gregorio Hernando (the first Academy edition with etymologies), p. 1047
25. ^ a b Moliner, María (2007), Diccionario de uso del español, 3rd ed., Madrid: Gredos, p. s.v. tratado