permanente

Forms

permanente m or f (masculine and feminine plural permanentes)^[1]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Latin permanēns (“remaining, lasting”), the present participle of permaneō (“to remain, persist”).^[2][1][3] Wiktionary calls it inherited, but the Breve diccionario, Segura Munguía and Corominas date it to the early 18th century as a learned word.^[1][4][5][6] Corominas explains that permanecer itself appeared late, in place of older remanecer, under the influence of the Latin verb.^[6]

The Latin verb is formed from per- (“through”) and maneō (“to stay”).^[7][1] The same Latin participle is Portuguese permanente, a learned word recorded from 1702, Italian permanente, French permanent and Romanian permanent.^[8][9][5][1] The feminine noun, “a perm”, is short for ondulación permanente.^[2][10]

Earliest recorded meaning

The CDH's first Spanish record is the Libro del Tesoro in a Girona manuscript of 1400–1425, of beings that are permanentes por gracia e no pas por natura “lasting by grace and not by nature”.^[11] Enrique de Villena's glosses on the Aeneid (1427–1428) play on instabilidat permanente e permanençia instable “permanent instability and unstable permanence”.^[11] The meaning was “lasting, enduring”.^[11]

Semantic evolution

Earlier hits in the CDH are the Latin formula in suo robore permanente “remaining in force”, which ends charters from 1232 on.^[11] The Cancionero de Baena of about 1445 has the Spanish word in verse.^[12] Corominas cites it from Jacinto Polo, and the Diccionario de Autoridades defined it simply as “that which remains”.^[6][13] Terreros glossed it as constant, durable and stable, and the Academy added “unchanging” in 1843.^[14][15]

The 19th century brought political and military uses: asambleas permanentes that sit without a break, the ejército permanente, and the fortificación permanente.^[16][17] The noun for an artificial wave of the hair was still a recent word in Mexico in 1959, where it was masculine; standard Spanish has la permanente.^[18][2] Wiktionary also gives it for a permanent marker.^[1]

Timeline

• 1232 – the Latin charter formula in suo robore permanente.^[11]
• 1400–1425 – the Libro del Tesoro, the first record in Spanish.^[11]
• 1427–1428 – Enrique de Villena's glosses on the Aeneid.^[11]
• c. 1445 – the Cancionero de Baena.^[12]
• 1576 – the first record from the Americas, in Mexico.^[19]
• early 18th century – the date the Breve diccionario gives for the word.^[4][5]
• 1884 – the Academy gives the etymology from Latin permanens for the first time.^[20]
• 1959 – Santamaría records the noun for a hair wave as a recent word in Mexico.^[18]

Meanings

Adjective

1. permanent, lasting; that remains.^[2][1]
2. Without a time limit: El museo abrió una sala permanente.^[2]
3. Of a committee: ensuring the continuity of an institution's work between sessions, standing; also as a feminine noun.^[2]

Noun

1. (feminine) A perm, an artificial wave or curl of the hair that lasts a long time.^[2][10][1]
2. (feminine) A permanent marker.^[1]

Word family

• permanentemente

Related words

• permanecer
• permanencia
• Latin permaneō
• Portuguese permanente

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g Real Academia Española; Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (2014–), Diccionario de la lengua española, 23rd ed., online version 23.8, https://dle.rae.es, p. s.v. permanente
3. ^ Gómez de Silva, Guido (1988), Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua española, México: Fondo de Cultura Económica / El Colegio de México
4. ^ a b Corominas, Joan (1973), Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana, 3rd ed., Madrid: Gredos, p. s.v. manido
5. ^ a b c Segura Munguía, Santiago (2014), Lexicón etimológico y semántico del latín y de las voces actuales que proceden de raíces latinas o griegas, Bilbao: Universidad de Deusto, p. 401
6. ^ a b c Corominas, Joan; Pascual, José A. (1980–1991), Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico, 6 vols., Madrid: Gredos, p. 3, 812
7. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
8. ^ Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. permanente
9. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. permanente
10. ^ a b Moliner, María (2007), Diccionario de uso del español, 3rd ed., Madrid: Gredos, p. s.v. permanente
11. ^ a b c d e f g Real Academia Española (2013–), Corpus del Diccionario histórico de la lengua española (CDH), version 3.1, https://apps.rae.es/CNDHE, p. s.v. permanente
12. ^ a b Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies (2026), Old Spanish Textual Archive (OSTA): semi-paleographic transcriptions of Old Spanish texts, ed. Francisco Gago Jover et al., https://www.hispanicseminary.org, p. s.v. permanente
13. ^ Real Academia Española (1726–1739), Diccionario de la lengua castellana (Diccionario de Autoridades), 6 vols., Madrid: Francisco del Hierro, p. 5, 227
14. ^ Terreros y Pando, Esteban de (1786–1793), Diccionario castellano con las voces de ciencias y artes y sus correspondientes de las tres lenguas francesa, latina e italiana, 4 vols., Madrid: Viuda de Ibarra, p. 3, 104
15. ^ Real Academia Española (1843), Diccionario de la lengua castellana, 9th ed., Madrid: Imprenta de D. Francisco María Fernández, p. 553
16. ^ Echegaray, Eduardo de (1887–1889), Diccionario general etimológico de la lengua española, 5 vols., Madrid: José María Faquineto, p. 782
17. ^ Alemany y Bolufer, José (1917), Diccionario de la lengua española, Barcelona: Ramón Sopena, p. 1301
18. ^ a b Santamaría, Francisco J. (1959), Diccionario de mejicanismos, México: Porrúa, p. 833
19. ^ Boyd-Bowman, Peter (2003), Léxico hispanoamericano 1493–1993, ed. Ray Harris-Northall and John J. Nitti, New York: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, p. s.v. permanente
20. ^ Real Academia Española (1884), Diccionario de la lengua castellana, 12th ed., Madrid: Imprenta de D. Gregorio Hernando (the first Academy edition with etymologies), p. 818