extender

Forms

extender (first-person singular present extiendo, first-person singular preterite extendí, past participle extendido)^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Old Spanish estender, inherited from Latin extendō (“to stretch out, spread”), formed ex- (“out”) + tendō (“to stretch”).^{[2][3][4][5][1]} Old Spanish wrote it with ⟨s⟩, as Berceo and Nebrija do, and Corominas calls the modern spelling with ⟨x⟩ recent and mistaken.^[2] García de Diego describes it as the etymological ⟨x⟩.^[2][6] VOX calls it an inherited word, while Wiktionary hesitates between a borrowing from Latin and the Old Spanish verb remodelled on it.^[7][1]

The same Latin verb is Italian stendere, French étendre and Catalan estendre.^[8][6] The simple verb tender continues the Latin simple verb directly.^[3]

De Vaan derives the Latin verb from *ten-d(h)- (“to stretch”).^[9]

Earliest recorded meaning

The CDH's first hit is the Fazienda de Ultra Mar of about 1200, in a 13th-century copy, which tells how Jesus, as Peter sinks in the water, estendio la mano e prisolo “stretched out his hand and took hold of him”.^[10] The Fuero de Zorita (1218–c. 1250) speaks of cloth estendida “stretched” against the fuero, and the BDELC dates the verb 1220–1250, from Berceo.^[10][3]

Semantic evolution

Alfonso X's prose already has most of the modern senses: the waves of the sea that stretch out, herbs spread on the floor, a penalty that does not extend beyond what the sentence says.^[11] Cervantes writes of fame that spreads through the land and of the laws of chivalry that do not extend so far as to let one swap one donkey for another.^[12] The Diccionario de Autoridades gave “to lengthen, widen”, the extension of a jurisdiction or an authority, and extender la comisión, said of a judge who goes beyond his commission.^[13]

The Academy's edition of 1843 added drawing up a deed or warrant in due form, and the pronominal senses of mountains and plains that stretch over the land, of telling something at length, and of customs and fashions that spread.^[14] In the Spanish of the United States the verb has also taken the English sense “to extend (a visa, a deadline)”.^[15]

Timeline

• c. 1200 – estendio la mano in the Fazienda de Ultra Mar (in a 13th-century copy).^[10]
• 1218–c. 1250 – the Fuero de Zorita uses the participle estendida of cloth.^[10]
• 1220–1250 – first record for Corominas, in Berceo.^[3][2]
• 1250–1279 – Alfonso X's Lapidario uses it of the waves of the sea.^[11]
• 1492 – Nebrija's Latin–Spanish dictionary glosses Latin extendo as estender.^[16]
• 1726–1739 – the Diccionario de Autoridades writes it with ⟨x⟩.^[13]
• 1843 – the Academy adds the sense “to draw up a document”.^[14]
• 1884 – the Academy gives the etymology from Latin extendere.^[17]

Meanings

Verb

1. To make something take up more space than before; to extend, expand (also pronominal).^[4][1]
2. To spread or scatter what is heaped up or thick: Extendieron la arena por todo el patio.^[4][1]
3. To unfold, unroll or stretch out something folded, rolled or bent: Extendió el mapa sobre el capó.^[4][1]
4. To widen the scope of a right, a jurisdiction, an authority or knowledge.^[4]
5. To draw up a deed, warrant or other document in the usual form: El médico le extendió una receta.^[4][7]
6. (pronominal) Of a mountain, a plain or a town: to stretch over a certain area.^[4]
7. (pronominal) To last, take up a certain time.^[4]
8. (pronominal) To speak or write at length about something; to expatiate.^[4]
9. (pronominal) Of a species, a profession, a custom or an opinion: to spread to new places.^[4]
10. (pronominal) Of a thing: for its force or effect to reach others.^[4]
11. (pronominal, colloquial) To swell with self-importance, putting on airs of power.^[4]

Word family

• extendido

Related words

• extensión
• extenso
• tender
• Latin extendō

Usage notes

The stressed stem has the diphthong ie: extiendo, extiende, extienda; the Diccionario de Autoridades already noted it as an irregularity.^[13][1]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d Corominas, Joan; Pascual, José A. (1980–1991), Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico, 6 vols., Madrid: Gredos, p. 5, 459
3. ^ a b c d Corominas, Joan (1973), Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana, 3rd ed., Madrid: Gredos, p. s.v. tender
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Real Academia Española; Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (2014–), Diccionario de la lengua española, 23rd ed., online version 23.8, https://dle.rae.es, p. s.v. extender
5. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
6. ^ a b García de Diego, Vicente (1985), Diccionario etimológico español e hispánico, 2nd ed., Madrid: Espasa-Calpe (1st ed. 1954), p. 2600
7. ^ a b Battaner Arias, Paz (dir.) (2017), Diccionario general de la lengua española VOX, Barcelona: Larousse Editorial, p. s.v. extender
8. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. s.v. extendere
9. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
10. ^ a b c d Real Academia Española (2013–), Corpus del Diccionario histórico de la lengua española (CDH), version 3.1, https://apps.rae.es/CNDHE, p. s.v. extender
11. ^ a b Kasten, Lloyd A.; Nitti, John J.; Gago Jover, Francisco (2002–), Diccionario de la prosa castellana del Rey Alfonso X, New York: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies (electronic edition 2024), p. s.v. extender
12. ^ Cejador y Frauca, Julio (1905–1906), La lengua de Cervantes: gramática y diccionario de la lengua castellana en El ingenioso hidalgo don Quijote de la Mancha, 2 vols., Madrid: Jaime Ratés, p. 514
13. ^ a b c Real Academia Española (1726–1739), Diccionario de la lengua castellana (Diccionario de Autoridades), 6 vols., Madrid: Francisco del Hierro, p. 3, 693
14. ^ a b Real Academia Española (1843), Diccionario de la lengua castellana, 9th ed., Madrid: Imprenta de D. Francisco María Fernández, p. 334
15. ^ Moreno-Fernández, Francisco (2018), Diccionario de anglicismos del español estadounidense (Informes del Observatorio 037-01/2018SP), Cambridge, Mass.: Instituto Cervantes at Harvard University, p. 58
16. ^ Lleal, Coloma (dir.), DICCA-XV: Diccionario del castellano del siglo XV en la Corona de Aragón, Barcelona: Universitat de Barcelona, Grup d'Estudis d'Història de la Llengua (GHCL), https://ghcl.ub.edu/diccaxv, p. s.v. extender
17. ^ Real Academia Española (1884), Diccionario de la lengua castellana, 12th ed., Madrid: Imprenta de D. Gregorio Hernando (the first Academy edition with etymologies), p. 481