estufa

Forms

estufa f (plural estufas)^[1] Old Spanish had the form estuba from about 1300, which is also in G. de Segovia in 1475.^[2][3]

Etymology

It is probably borrowed from Italian stufa, the Italian noun of stufare (“to heat in a stove”), according to Corominas and Wiktionary.^[2][3][1][4] The DLE, Moliner and García de Diego derive it instead from the old Spanish verb estufar “to heat a closed room”, which Corominas finds rare in Spanish;^[5][6][7] Bénaben allows both routes.^[8][5][6][7] Nocentini also holds that the Spanish word comes from Italian.^[9]

Behind the Romance verb Corominas sets Vulgar Latin *extuphāre (“to heat with vapours”), an adaptation of Ancient Greek ἐκτύφω (ektúphō, “to turn into smoke; to fan a fire”), derived from τῦφος (tûphos, “vapour”).^[2][3] The older Spanish estuba agrees with Catalan estuba and Occitan estuba, recorded in Occitan from about 1225; its ⟨b⟩ points to a base with /p/, while Italian ⟨f⟩ points to one with /f/, and French étuve probably goes with the forms in /p/.^[2] Since Spanish voices an /f/ between vowels or turns it into an aspiration, Corominas takes the ⟨f⟩ of the modern form, the greater age of the form with ⟨b⟩ and the popularity of the word in Italy as signs of an Italianism of the late 15th century.^[2]

The Germanic words of the same meaning, German Stube and English stove, have long been discussed with it.^[2] Meyer-Lübke judged the likeness a coincidence;^[10][11][12] Corominas, with Jud, Gamillscheg and Kluge, prefers to see the Germanic word as a loan from Romance, since the heated bath was a Roman invention.^[2] Covarrubias had derived the word from Latin aestus (“heat”), Autoridades called it a German word, and the Academy's 1884 dictionary derived it from Old High German stupa.^[10][11][12]

Earliest recorded meaning

The form estuba “steam bath” appears first in the Gran conquista de Ultramar of about 1300.^[2] The Viaje de Juan de Mandevilla (c. 1400) describes people who each have an estuba in their house, where they eat and do their business.^[13] The form estufa is in a surgery book of before 1450, beside the bath: enel baño o enla estufa.^[13] Alfonso de Palencia in 1490 explains a Latin word as estufas secas: casas escalentadas con fuego, “dry stoves: houses heated with fire”, and Nebrija's Vocabulario has estufa, baño seco.^[2][14]

Semantic evolution

At first the word named a closed room heated artificially, or a place where the sick were made to sweat.^[2][3] Pero Tafur (c. 1457) praises the houses of a German town con sus estufas.^[13] The Spanish conquerors called the kivas, the ceremonial chambers of the Pueblo Indians, estufas, taking them for sweat houses.^[15] Friederici's American quotations of the word begin in 1540.^[2] Covarrubias in 1611 notes that stoves are much used in Flanders because the land is so cold.^[10] Autoridades gives the heated room, the small room at the baths of Arnedillo where the sick sweat, and a frame for sweating cures.^[11]

The modern sense, a closed heating appliance set in a room, is dated 1705 by the BDELC; the DCECH says it first appears in the Academy's dictionary in 1817.^[3][2] Today the word also names a drying or disinfecting apparatus and a laboratory incubator, a greenhouse, and a closed carriage with windows.^[8][16] In Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, the Dominican Republic and Colombia it means a kitchen stove, in north-western Argentina a shed for curing tobacco, and in Puerto Rico, jokingly, a car whose engine overheats or that has no air conditioning.^[17]

Timeline

• c. 1300 – the form estuba “steam bath” in the Gran conquista de Ultramar.^[2][3]
• c. 1400 – the Viaje de Juan de Mandevilla has estuba for a heated room in a house.^[13]
• before 1450 – estufa in the Arte complida de cirugía.^[13]
• 1490 – Alfonso de Palencia's Universal vocabulario has estufas “houses heated with fire”.^[2][3]
• c. 1495 – Nebrija gives estufa, baño seco “dry bath”.^[14][3]
• 1540 – the first of Friederici's quotations from the Americas, for a heated room.^[2]
• 1571 – the first record from Mexico, estufa para sudar.^[18]
• 1611 – Covarrubias derives it from Latin aestus.^[10]
• 1705 – first record of the sense “closed heating appliance”, according to the BDELC.^[3]
• 1817 – the Academy's dictionary first records the heating appliance, according to the DCECH.^[2]

Meanings

Noun

1. A heater or stove that warms a room by electricity or by burning wood, gas or another fuel.^[8][5][1]
2. A small foot warmer.^[8]
3. An apparatus for drying, keeping warm or disinfecting things; in laboratories, an incubator for cultures.^[8][16]
4. (Mexico, Central America, Dominican Republic, Colombia) A kitchen cooker (cocina): Deja la olla en la estufa hasta que hierva.^[8][17][5]
5. A greenhouse.^[8][5]
6. At thermal baths, a room where the patients are made to sweat.^[8][16]
7. (historical) A large closed carriage with glass windows.^[8][5]
8. (rare) A sheltered room heated artificially.^[8]

Word family

• estufilla
• estufista

Related words

• estofar
• Italian stufa
• French étuve

Usage notes

The colloquial phrase criar en estufa means to bring someone up with too much care, so that they lack vigour.^[8]

References

1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Corominas, Joan; Pascual, José A. (1980–1991), Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico, 6 vols., Madrid: Gredos, p. 2, 816
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Corominas, Joan (1973), Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana, 3rd ed., Madrid: Gredos, p. s.v. estufa
4. ^ Cortelazzo, Manlio; Zolli, Paolo (1999), Dizionario etimologico della lingua italiana, 2nd ed. by Manlio Cortelazzo and Michele A. Cortelazzo, Bologna: Zanichelli, p. s.v. stufare
5. ^ a b c d e f Moliner, María (2007), Diccionario de uso del español, 3rd ed., Madrid: Gredos, p. s.v. estufa
6. ^ a b García de Diego, Vicente (1985), Diccionario etimológico español e hispánico, 2nd ed., Madrid: Espasa-Calpe (1st ed. 1954), p. 2614
7. ^ a b Bénaben, Michel (2000), Dictionnaire étymologique de l'espagnol, Paris: Ellipses, p. s.v. estufa
8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Real Academia Española; Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (2014–), Diccionario de la lengua española, 23rd ed., online version 23.8, https://dle.rae.es, p. s.v. estufa
9. ^ Nocentini, Alberto; Parenti, Alessandro (2010), l'Etimologico: vocabolario della lingua italiana, Firenze: Le Monnier, p. s.v. stufare
10. ^ a b c d Covarrubias Orozco, Sebastián de (1611), Tesoro de la lengua castellana o española, Madrid: Luis Sánchez (Biblioteca Wordkers transcription, CC BY 4.0), p. 815
11. ^ a b c Real Academia Española (1726–1739), Diccionario de la lengua castellana (Diccionario de Autoridades), 6 vols., Madrid: Francisco del Hierro, p. 3, 659
12. ^ a b Real Academia Española (1884), Diccionario de la lengua castellana, 12th ed., Madrid: Imprenta de D. Gregorio Hernando (the first Academy edition with etymologies), p. 473
13. ^ a b c d e Real Academia Española (2013–), Corpus del Diccionario histórico de la lengua española (CDH), version 3.1, https://apps.rae.es/CNDHE, p. s.v. estufa
14. ^ a b Nebrija, Antonio de (1513), Vocabulario español-latino, Salamanca, ed. Marina Vidal Díez (2007), Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes, p. 352
15. ^ Friederici, Georg (1947), Amerikanistisches Wörterbuch, Hamburg: Cram, de Gruyter, p. 248
16. ^ a b c Real Academia Nacional de Medicina (2011), Diccionario de términos médicos, Madrid: Editorial Médica Panamericana; online at https://dtme.ranm.es, p. s.v. estufa
17. ^ a b Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (2010), Diccionario de americanismos, Lima: Santillana; online at https://www.asale.org/damer, p. s.v. estufa
18. ^ Boyd-Bowman, Peter (2003), Léxico hispanoamericano 1493–1993, ed. Ray Harris-Northall and John J. Nitti, New York: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, p. s.v. estufa