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stale

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Pronunciation

stale1 not fresh

Etymology

The adjective is inherited from Middle English stale, probably borrowed from Anglo-Norman estal (“of ale or wine, settled, left to clear”),[2][3][4] estale (“slack, settled, clear”),[5][6][7][8] from estaler (“to come to a standstill, halt”),[5][6][3][9] from estal (“standing place, position”),[5][7][10] which is of Germanic origin, from Frankish *stal- (“position”).[7][8] The French adjective survives as étale, used of still water.[6][3][10] The Old French verb is also the source of stall, and Ayto traces the family to the Germanic base of stand;[9][6] Etymonline takes it back to Proto-Indo-European *stel- (“to put, stand, put in order”).[7] The OED and Barnhart call the history obscure but think the word is probably native, from the Germanic root of the verb stand, and compare Middle Dutch stel, said of stale beer and urine.[11][12][7]

Earliest recorded meaning

Of ale, mead or wine, that has stood long enough to clear, free of dregs, and so old and strong: about 1300, in King Horn,[11][7] which Barnhart dates probably about 1225.[12]

Semantic evolution

At first stale was praise for drink: it meant beer or wine that had stood until the sediment settled.[9][13][7] Trevisa wrote in 1398 that mead that is well boiled and stale is pleasant to the taste,[9] and Chaucer used the word once of aged ale.[14] The bad sense, "no longer fresh, spoiled by keeping", is recorded from 1475 according to Barnhart, from 1530 for food and drink in the OED,[12][11] and Ayto and Word Origins place it in the early 16th century.[9][13] The good sense lasted until about 1743, and still meant "strong" of beer in Isle of Wight dialect in Wright's time.[11][15] The figurative sense, "worn out by familiarity, hackneyed", followed in 1550, in John Heywood (1562 according to Barnhart), and is frequent in Shakespeare;[11][12][7] from about 1565 to 1858 it was also said of people past their prime, and of bachelors and spinsters past the usual age for marriage.[11] Later uses are technical: in law a claim left too long without action (1769, Blackstone), in commerce an out-of-date cheque (1889), and in sport an athlete or horse dulled by overtraining (1856).[11] The verb stale, to make beer clear, is recorded from 1440, in the Promptorium Parvulorum,[11][12][16] and to make stale or uninteresting from 1601, in Ben Jonson.[11]

Timeline

  • c. 1300 – of ale or wine, cleared by standing; old and strong (obsolete by 1743).[11][7]
  • 1440 – verb, to let beer or ale clear.[11][12][16]
  • 1475 – not fresh.[12]
  • 1530 – of food or drink, spoiled by keeping.[11]
  • 1550 – figurative, hackneyed, worn out.[11]
  • c. 1565 – of people, past their prime (obsolete by 1858).[11]
  • 1601 – verb, to make stale or uninteresting.[11]
  • 1769 – in law, of a claim, left dormant too long.[11]
  • 1856 – in sport, out of condition through overtraining.[11]
  • 1874 – noun, a stale loaf or cake.[11]
  • 1889 – in commerce, of a cheque, out of date.[11]

Meanings

Adjective

  1. Of food, no longer fresh; dry, hard or tasteless from being kept too long: stale biscuits.[8][17][11]
  2. Of beer or another drink, flat from having been left open.[8][17]
  3. Of air, stagnant and musty: the stale smell of an empty flat.[8][17]
  4. No longer interesting from overuse; hackneyed or trite: a stale joke.[8][17][11]
  5. No longer new; out of date: The news was already stale by the time it reached them.[8][11]
  6. Lacking energy or ideas through overwork, too much training or lack of variety.[8][11][17]
  7. (banking) Of a cheque, no longer payable because it was not presented in time.[8][11]
  8. (law) Of a claim, weakened by having been left too long without action.[8][11]
  9. (obsolete, c. 1300–1743) Of ale or wine, cleared by long standing; old and strong.[11][17][3]

Verb

  1. To make or become stale: Cigarette smoke had staled the air of the room.[17][11][8]

Word family

  • staleness
  • stalely

stale2 urine, to urinate

Etymology

The noun meaning urine, especially of horses and cattle, and the verb stale, to urinate, are inherited from Middle English stale and stalen.[16][17][5] The OED derives the noun from the verb, and takes the verb as perhaps borrowed from Old French estaler, literally to take up a position, in a special sense,[11][6][3] while the Middle English Dictionary derives the noun from estal (“urine”), recorded from the late 13th century.[16][2] The OED notes that the French verb may equally be the source of, or have been borrowed from, the Germanic verb found in Dutch stallen (“to urinate”), German stallen, Swedish stalla and Danish stalle, with Italian stallare beside it.[11][18] The American Heritage and Merriam-Webster dictionaries make the English word possibly of Low German origin and compare Middle Low German stallen (“to urinate”) and stal (“urine of horses”).[5][17] Klein and Merriam-Webster link the Germanic words with Ancient Greek σταλάσσω (stalássō, “to let drop, drip”) and perhaps Lithuanian telžti (“to urinate”), from a root Proto-Indo-European *(s)tel- (“to drop, urinate”).[19][17] Weekley thought it came from estal (“fixed position”), because horses stop to urinate.[10]

Earliest recorded meaning

Urine: before 1400, in the Stockholm Medical Manuscript, in a line on those who cannot hold their stale.[11][16] The verb is recorded from about 1440, in the Thornton medical book.[16]

Semantic evolution

In Middle English the noun and verb were used of people as well as animals; the noun is now used only of horses and cattle,[11][16] and Merriam-Webster labels the verb as used chiefly of horses and camels.[17] From the early 16th to the mid-17th century the verb could also mean to pass blood in the urine.[11][3] In Wright's time the verb was still a dialect word for urinating horses and cattle, from Scotland and Ireland to Norfolk and Somerset.[15]

Timeline

  • before 1400 – noun, urine.[11]
  • c. 1440 – verb, to urinate.[16]
  • before 1500 – verb, of horses or cattle, to urinate.[11]
  • before 1525 – verb, to pass blood in the urine (obsolete by 1647).[11]
  • 1548 – noun, first known use according to Merriam-Webster.[17]

Meanings

Noun

  1. The urine of horses or cattle.[17][11][3]

Verb

  1. Of horses, cattle or camels, to urinate.[17][11][3]

References

  1. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b Anglo-Norman Dictionary (AND2), Aberystwyth University, anglo-norman.net (2nd ed., 2005–)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles (2002), 5th ed., ed. William R. Trumble and Angus Stevenson, Oxford: Oxford University Press
  4. ^ Stevenson, Angus, ed. (2010), Oxford Dictionary of English, 3rd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  5. ^ a b c d e The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (online 2024), 5th ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
  6. ^ a b c d e Hoad, T. F., ed. (1986), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Collins English Dictionary (2023), Glasgow: HarperCollins
  9. ^ a b c d e Ayto, John (2005), Word Origins: The Secret Histories of English Words from A to Z, 2nd ed., London: A & C Black
  10. ^ a b c Weekley, Ernest (1921), An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English, London: John Murray
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Oxford English Dictionary Online (accessed March 2026), Oxford: Oxford University Press
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Barnhart, Robert K. (1988), The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology
  13. ^ a b Cresswell, Julia (2021), Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins, 3rd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  14. ^ Benson, Larry D., Glossarial Concordance to Middle English (Chaucer, Gower), Johns Hopkins University, github.com/jhu-digital-manuscripts/gcme
  15. ^ a b Wright, Joseph, ed. (1898–1905), The English Dialect Dictionary, 6 vols., Oxford: Henry Frowde; via EDD Online 4.0, University of Innsbruck (CC BY 4.0)
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h Kurath, Hans; Kuhn, Sherman M.; Lewis, Robert E., eds. (1952–2001), Middle English Dictionary, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press; online edition ed. Frances McSparran et al. (2000–2018)
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary (2024), online ed., Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster
  18. ^ Dictionary.com Unabridged (2016), based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, New York: Random House
  19. ^ Klein, Ernest. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. 2 vols. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1966–1967.