humane

Etymology

It is the same word as human, once an ordinary variant spelling of it,^[2][3][4][5] with a form and stress that Etymonline thinks may suggest a closer link with Latin than with French.^[6] Both are inherited from Middle English humain, also humayne and humaigne,^[7][8][9] borrowed from Anglo-Norman humain, also humeigne and humane,^[2][10] recorded in Anglo-Norman from 1113–19 for "human" but also "humane, compassionate",^[10] from Latin hūmānus (“of people; civilized; kindly, merciful”),^[2][6] related to homō (“man, human being”).^[2][7] Klein compares the split of german and germane, and of urban and urbane.^[4][6]

Earliest recorded meaning

Civil, courteous or obliging towards others: about 1500, in Melusine.^[2] Barnhart finds humaigne probably about 1450 in the sense "of or belonging to man", shared with human, and the sense "gentle, friendly, courteous" about 1500.^[7]

Semantic evolution

For about two and a half centuries human and humane were used for the same senses, "of people" and "having the qualities proper to people".^[7][6] The courteous sense gave way, about 1600, to "tender and compassionate",^[6] and in the 18th century the two forms separated, humane with its stress on the second syllable keeping the sense "kind, merciful".^[7][6][2] The stress had varied before: a guide of 1695 put it on the first syllable before a noun and on the second after a verb.^[2] Johnson (1755) gives the modern split, defining humane as "kind; civil; benevolent; good-natured",^[11][2] but the OED notes that the distinction became fixed only at the end of the 19th century.^[2] Since 1552 the word has also described texts and studies thought to civilize the student, as in humane letters;^[2][12] the sense "causing as little pain as possible" is recorded from 1841 in the OED,^[2] but only from 1904 in Etymonline.^[6] The Royal Humane Society, founded in 1774, was set up to rescue drowning people, and such societies had turned to animal welfare by the late 19th century.^[6]

Timeline

• c. 1450 – humaigne, of or belonging to man.^[7]
• c. 1500 – courteous, civil, obliging.^[2][7]
• 1548 – compassionate, considerate towards others.^[8]
• 1552 – of studies and texts that concern humanity and civilize.^[2]
• c. 1600 – tender, compassionate.^[6]
• early 18th century – restricted to the sense "kind, merciful".^[7][6]
• 1774 – the Royal Humane Society.^[6]
• 1841 – designed to cause as little pain as possible.^[2]

Meanings

Adjective

1. Showing kindness, compassion and consideration for people or animals: a humane jailer.^[12][8][2]
2. Causing as little pain as possible: the humane slaughter of livestock.^[12][2]
3. Of studies or learning: concerned with human culture and having a civilizing effect; humanistic: humane studies.^[12][8][2]
4. (obsolete) Human.^[8][3]

Word family

• humanely
• humaneness
• humane society

Related words

• human
• humanist
• humanitarian
• humanity
• germane
• urbane
• inhuman
• inhumane

Usage notes

Dictionary.com notes that humane was originally a stress variant of human, limited to its present senses from the 18th century.^[13] Etymonline calls inhuman its natural opposite.^[6]

References

1. ^ a b Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Oxford English Dictionary Online (accessed March 2026), Oxford: Oxford University Press
3. ^ a b Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles (2002), 5th ed., ed. William R. Trumble and Angus Stevenson, Oxford: Oxford University Press
4. ^ a b Klein, Ernest. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. 2 vols. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1966–1967.
5. ^ Stevenson, Angus, ed. (2010), Oxford Dictionary of English, 3rd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
7. ^ a b c d e f g h Barnhart, Robert K. (1988), The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology
8. ^ a b c d e Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary (2024), online ed., Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster
9. ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (online 2024), 5th ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
10. ^ a b Anglo-Norman Dictionary (AND2), Aberystwyth University, anglo-norman.net (2nd ed., 2005–)
11. ^ Johnson, Samuel (1755), A Dictionary of the English Language, London; 4th ed. 1773; Johnson's Dictionary Online, ed. Beth Rapp Young et al.
12. ^ a b c d Collins English Dictionary (2023), Glasgow: HarperCollins
13. ^ Dictionary.com Unabridged (2016), based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, New York: Random House