Etymologically
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billy

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Pronunciation

  • IPA: /ˈbɪl.i/[1]

billy1 club; male goat

Etymology

The club is probably from Billy, a pet form of the name William,[2][3][4][5] which, like jack, jimmy and jenny, was given to various implements and machines from 1795;[2][3] Barnhart notes billy as a common appellation from about 1500.[2] Etymonline also compares French bille “a short, stout stick” (see billet).[3]

Earliest recorded meaning

A slubbing machine, used in preparing wool: 1795 in MWU and the late 18th century in the SOED;[4][6] the OED also has a highwayman's club or bludgeon from 1795.[7]

Semantic evolution

In American burglars' slang a billy was a crowbar in 1848,[2][3] and a policeman's club, or billy club, from 1856.[2][3] The billy goat, a male goat, is from 1849 in the OED and the mid-19th century in the SOED.[7][6]

Timeline

  • 1795 – a slubbing machine; a bludgeon.[4][7]
  • 1848 – a crowbar, in burglars' slang.[2][3]
  • 1849 – billy goat.[7]
  • 1856 – a policeman's club.[2][3]

Modern meaning

Noun

  1. (chiefly US) A wooden club, especially a police officer's truncheon; a billy club.
  2. A male goat; a billy goat.

billy2 camp kettle

Etymology

The Australian camp kettle is of uncertain origin.[6] Collins and the ANDC take it from the Scots billypot, a cooking utensil, and the ANDC rejects links with billabong and with tins of bouilli beef;[5][8] MWU takes it as probably a back-formation from billycan,[4] the NODE and SOED suggest an Aboriginal word billa “water”,[9][6] and Morris derived it from the name Billy.[10]

Earliest recorded meaning

A cylindrical tin can with a lid and wire handle, used for boiling water outdoors: 1839 in the OED and MWU, 1849 in the ANDC.[7][4][8]

Semantic evolution

According to Morris, about 1850 the billy replaced the bushman's quart pot, because of its handle and lid.[10] To boil the billy is to make tea, and billy tea is tea made in one.[5][6]

Timeline

  • 1839 – a camp kettle.[7][4]
  • c. 1850 – replaces the quart pot.[10]

Modern meaning

Noun

  1. (chiefly Australia and New Zealand) A metal can with a lid and handle, used for boiling water or cooking over a campfire; a billycan.
  • billycan
  • billy goat
  • billy club
  • William

Usage notes

In Scots and northern English, billy also meant a comrade or companion, from about 1505, or a brother; the origin of this word is unknown.[7][6][11]

References

  1. ^ Jones, Daniel (2011), Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary, 18th ed., ed. Peter Roach, Jane Setter and John Esling, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Barnhart, Robert K. (1988), The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
  4. ^ a b c d e f Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary (2024), online ed., Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster
  5. ^ a b c Collins English Dictionary (2023), Glasgow: HarperCollins
  6. ^ a b c d e f Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles (2002), 5th ed., ed. William R. Trumble and Angus Stevenson, Oxford: Oxford University Press
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Simpson, J. A.; Weiner, E. S. C., eds. (1989), The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Clarendon Press
  8. ^ a b Australian National Dictionary Centre, Meanings and Origins of Australian Words and Idioms, https://andc.anu.edu.au
  9. ^ Pearsall, Judy, ed. (1998), The New Oxford Dictionary of English, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  10. ^ a b c Morris, Edward E. (1898), Austral English: A Dictionary of Australasian Words, Phrases and Usages, London: Macmillan
  11. ^ Wright, Joseph, ed. (1898–1905), The English Dialect Dictionary, 6 vols., Oxford: Henry Frowde; via EDD Online 4.0, University of Innsbruck (CC BY 4.0)