Programm
Pronunciation
- /proˈɡram/, [pʁoˈɡʁäm][1]
Forms
Programm n (genitive Programmes or Programms, plural Programme, diminutive Progrämmchen n)[1] At first it kept the Greek-Latin form Programma; the German form Programm appears about 1800.[2] Jean Paul has a weak plural Programmen.[3]
Etymology
It is borrowed from Latin programma (“public notice, proclamation”), partly through French programme, from Ancient Greek πρόγραμμα (prógramma, “public notice, agenda”).[4][2][5][3] The Greek noun belongs to προγράφω (prográphō, “to write before, to give public notice”), from πρό (pró, “before”) and γράφω (gráphō, “to write”).[4][2][6] The sense in computing came from English.[4][2]
Earliest recorded meaning
The word was borrowed about 1700, in the Greek-Latin form Programma, meaning a public notice or a written invitation.[2][7] Kluge dates it to the 18th century.[4]
Semantic evolution
Its first senses were “public announcement” and “invitation”, and until the early 20th century it also meant the learned essay printed by a school (a sense English borrowed as programma in 1820).[7][8] From the order of events at a performance or concert it came to mean the sequence of items offered, the printed list of them and today above all the daily offer of radio and television.[7][2] The sense “aims and principles”, especially of a political party, dates from the middle of the 19th century;[7][3] Gustav Freytag mocks the programme of new ministers.[7][3]
The computing sense, a set of instructions for a computer, is recorded from 1947, after English.[7][2] The verb programmieren and Programmierer followed in the middle of the 20th century, and the participle vorprogrammiert “bound to happen” is now common.[2][7]
Timeline
- c. 1700 – Programma is borrowed in the sense “public notice”.[2][7]
- c. 1800 – The German form Programm appears.[2]
- 19th century – programmatisch appears.[2]
- Mid-19th century – The sense “political aims, manifesto” appears.[7]
- 1947 – The computing sense is recorded.[7]
Meanings
Noun
- The whole of the shows offered by a theatre, cinema, radio or television station, also a channel: Das Spiel läuft im dritten Programm.[5][1]
- The planned order of events at a performance or meeting, a programme: Das Programm des Abends war abwechslungsreich.[5]
- A plan, the fixed details of an undertaking, a schedule: Für morgen haben wir ein volles Programm.[5]
- A sequence of operations set on a machine: das Schonprogramm der Waschmaschine.[5]
- A printed sheet or booklet about an event.[5]
- A statement of aims and principles, as of a party: das Programm der Partei.[5][7]
- (computing) A computer program.[5][1]
Word family
- programmieren
- programmatisch
- Programmatik
- Programmierer
- Fernsehprogramm
Related words
- Grafik
Usage notes
Nach Programm means “as planned, as expected”, and auf dem Programm stehen “to be planned”.[5]
References
- ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Pfeifer, Wolfgang, et al. (1993), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen, 2nd ed., Berlin: Akademie-Verlag; digital revised version in the DWDS, dwds.de
- ^ a b c d Grimm, Jacob; Grimm, Wilhelm (1854–1961), Deutsches Wörterbuch, 16 vols. in 32, Leipzig: Hirzel; digital: Wörterbuchnetz, Trier Center for Digital Humanities, p. 13, 2163
- ^ a b c d Kluge, Friedrich; Seebold, Elmar (2011), Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache, 25th ed., Berlin / Boston: De Gruyter, p. 725
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Duden. Das große Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache in zehn Bänden (1999), 3rd ed., Mannheim: Dudenverlag
- ^ Duden. Das Herkunftswörterbuch: Etymologie der deutschen Sprache (2014), 5th ed., Duden vol. 7, Berlin / Mannheim / Zürich: Dudenverlag, p. 658
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Paul, Hermann (2002), Deutsches Wörterbuch: Bedeutungsgeschichte und Aufbau unseres Wortschatzes, 10th ed., ed. Helmut Henne, Heidrun Kämper and Georg Objartel, Tübingen: Niemeyer
- ^ Lehnwortportal Deutsch (2012–), Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache, Mannheim, lwp.ids-mannheim.de