съвѧзати

Forms

съвѧзати (sŭvęzati) pf and impf, present съвѧжѫ, съвѧжеши or съвѧзаѭ, съвѧзаѥши^[1][2]

Etymology

It is formed from Old Church Slavonic съ- (sŭ-, “together”) + вѧзати (vęzati, “to bind, tie”), and belongs to the family of вѧзати with привѧзати, обѧзати and ѫза (“bond”).^[3][4]

The simple verb is inherited from Proto-Slavic *vęzati (“to tie”), the source of Russian вязать (vjazátʹ), Bulgarian вежа (véža), Serbo-Croatian vézati, Slovene vę́zati, Czech vázat and Polish wiązać.^[5][6][7] Wiktionary and Derksen derive it from an Indo-European root Proto-Indo-European *h₂enǵʰ- (“to constrict, tighten”) (Derksen writes *h₂mǵʰ-), with Hittite ḫamank (“to tie, betroth”), Ancient Greek ἄγχω (ánkhō, “to squeeze, strangle”) and Latin angō (“to strangle, choke”).^[6][5][7] Sadnik and Aitzetmüller call the etymology uncertain.^[3]

The initial v- is unexplained, according to Derksen.^[5] Hujer, followed by Vasmer, took it from a blend with Proto-Slavic *verzti (“to tie”);^[7][3][6] Vasmer finds Meillet's assumption of a crossing of two older verbs just as doubtful.^[7] Others compared the Gothic verb for to wind, with influence from the noun for bond.^[7][3] Vasmer also points to Old Prussian winsus (“neck”) and Czech vaz (“nape”).^[7]

Earliest recorded meaning

In the Gospels съвѧзати renders Ancient Greek δέω (déō, “to bind”), as in the parable of the tares: съберѣте пръвѣе • плѣвелъ • ꙇ съвѧжате ѩ въ снопꙑ “gather first the tares and bind them in bundles” (Mt 13, 30 Zogr Mar As).^[1][2]

Semantic evolution

The canonical texts use it for tying things together and for binding people: Herod bound John and put him in prison (Mt 14, 3 Zogr Mar), and the Jews bound Samson (Cloz, Supr), for δεῖν, δεσμεῖν, δεσμεύειν, καταδεῖν and σφίγγειν.^[2][1] The Clozianus and the Suprasliensis use it figuratively of Christ, who binds the destroyer with bonds that cannot be loosed.^[2][1] It also means to imprison, for συνδεῖν (Hb 13, 3), and the past passive participle съвѧзанъ is used as a noun, prisoner, for ὁ δέσμιος, where other manuscripts have оужьникъ or ѫзникъ (E 4, 1).^[2]

At Mt 23, 4 the Zographensis and the Ostromir Gospel have съвѧзаѭтъ for δεσμεύουσιν, the binding of heavy burdens, where the Marianus and the Assemanianus read събираѫтъ.^[2]

Meanings

Verb

1. To bind together, tie up, fasten; for δεῖν, καταδεῖν, σφίγγειν.^[2][1][8]
2. To bind a person, fetter, put in chains; for δεσμεῖν, δεσμεύειν, πεδᾶν.^[2][1][8]
3. To imprison; for συνδεῖν; the participle съвѧзанъ as a noun: a prisoner, for ὁ δέσμιος.^[2]

Word family

• съвѧзовати

Related words

• вѧзати
• привѧзати
• обѧзати
• ѫза

Usage notes

The SJS and the SNSP treat the verb as both perfective and imperfective, with two presents: съвѧжѫ beside съвѧзаѭ.^[2][1]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g Slovník nejstarších staroslověnských památek (digital ed., Gorazd, Slovanský ústav AV ČR, gorazd.org); cf. Cejtlin, R. M.; Večerka, R.; Blagova, É. (eds.) (1994), Staroslavjanskij slovar' (po rukopisjam X–XI vekov), Moskva: Russkij jazyk
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kurz, Josef; Hauptová, Zoe (eds.) (1958–1997), Slovník jazyka staroslověnského / Lexicon linguae palaeoslovenicae, 4 vols. + supplements, Praha: Academia; digital ed. gorazd.org
3. ^ a b c d Sadnik, Linda; Aitzetmüller, Rudolf (1955), Handwörterbuch zu den altkirchenslavischen Texten, Heidelberg: Winter / 's-Gravenhage: Mouton, p. 330
4. ^ Slocum, Jonathan; Krause, Todd B., Old Church Slavonic Online, Base Form Dictionary, Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas at Austin
5. ^ a b c Derksen, Rick (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 4, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 521
6. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
7. ^ a b c d e f Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), Ètimologičeskij slovar' russkogo jazyka, transl. and suppl. by O. N. Trubačev, 4 vols., Moskva: Progress, p. 1, 374
8. ^ a b Sadnik, Linda; Aitzetmüller, Rudolf (1955), Handwörterbuch zu den altkirchenslavischen Texten, Heidelberg: Winter / 's-Gravenhage: Mouton