къде

Forms

къде (kŭde)^[1] Also кьде.^[1] With assimilation of voicing где and гдѣ;^[2][3] Serbian Church Slavonic also has къдѣ and гъдѣ.^[2][3]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Slavic *kъde (“where”), from Proto-Balto-Slavic *kúde, a word of all the Slavic languages, in most of them with the initial cluster of k and d simplified in various ways.^[2][4][1] The same word is Russian где (gde), Bulgarian где (gde), Serbo-Croatian gdje, Slovene kje, Czech kde and Polish gdzie; besides where, it can mean whither, somewhere, rarely when, and in several languages it became a particle or a conjunction.^[2][4][5] In Bulgarian, after the weak jer was lost, the cluster kd became gd, which was then reduced to d in де (de).^[6]

ESJS prefers to see in it an Indo-European interrogative adverb, Proto-Indo-European *kʷu-dʰe, made of the pronoun stem *kʷu- and a locative particle *-dʰe.^[2][4] Wiktionary writes *kú-dʰe.^[1] The same combination is in Sanskrit कुह (kúha, “where”), Avestan kudā (“where”), Cretan ὀπυι (opui, “whither”), Oscan puf (“where”) and Latin ubi (“where”), and with another extension in Lithuanian kur̃ (“where”).^[2][5][1][4] Sadnik and Aitzetmüller place it in the family of the Indo-European pronoun stem *kʷo- of къто (“who”).^[7] ESJS finds the comparison with Albanian ku (“where”) uncertain and the Welsh word secondary, and records Trubachev's view that the unlabialized form of the stem is itself secondary.^[2] Against this, Isačenko took къде for a Proto-Slavic formation from the nominative of the interrogative pronoun of *kъto with a particle, and the Słownik prasłowiański also analyses it as the interrogative pronoun with a particle.^[2][8]

The variant in ě is explained as secondary, after the locative singular of the o-stems or after other adverbs in the same ending.^[2][5]

Earliest recorded meaning

In the oldest Gospel manuscripts къде renders Ancient Greek ποῦ (poû, “where?”), as in the disciples' question оучител҄ю • къде живеши “Teacher, where do you live?” (J 1, 38 Zogr Mar As).^[9][10]

Semantic evolution

The canonical texts use it as an interrogative adverb, also before an infinitive (не ꙇматъ кде главꙑ подъклонити “has nowhere to lay his head”, Mt 8, 20), as an indefinite adverb, somewhere, ever, for πώποτε (никътоже къде, no one ever, L 19, 30) and in аще къде, if anywhere, and in the Suprasliensis as a relative adverb for ὅπου and ἐν ᾧ.^[10][9] Sadnik and Aitzetmüller and Miklosich also record the senses because, that and when.^[11][3] With the particle -же it gives къдеже, when, as soon as.^[2]

Later Church Slavonic and Old Russian wrote кде, где and гдѣ;^[3][12][5] Dyachenko glosses къде and кде with Russian где.^[3][12][5]

Meanings

Adverb

1. (interrogative) where?; for ποῦ.^[10][9][1]
2. (indefinite) somewhere, anywhere, ever; for πώποτε.^[10][9]
3. (relative) where; for ὅπου, ἐν ᾧ.^[10][9]
4. (conjunction) when, because, that.^[11][3]

Word family

• къдеже
• нѣкъде
• никъде
• никъдеже

Related words

• къто
• кѫдоу
• Russian где (gde)

References

1. ^ a b c d e f Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Havlová, Eva; Erhart, Adolf; Janyšková, Ilona (eds.) (1989–2022), Etymologický slovník jazyka staroslověnského, 21 fascicles, Praha: Academia / Brno: Tribun EU, p. 391
3. ^ a b c d e f Miklosich, Franz (1862–1865), Lexicon palaeoslovenico-graeco-latinum emendatum auctum, Vindobonae: Braumüller
4. ^ a b c d Derksen, Rick (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 4, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 259
5. ^ a b c d e Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), Ètimologičeskij slovar' russkogo jazyka, transl. and suppl. by O. N. Trubačev, 4 vols., Moskva: Progress, p. 1, 400
6. ^ Georgiev, Vladimir I. et al. (eds.) (1971–), Bălgarski etimologičen rečnik, Sofija: Izdatelstvo na Bălgarskata akademija na naukite, p. 1, 234
7. ^ Sadnik, Linda; Aitzetmüller, Rudolf (1955), Handwörterbuch zu den altkirchenslavischen Texten, Heidelberg: Winter / 's-Gravenhage: Mouton, p. 258
8. ^ Sławski, Franciszek; Boryś, Wiesław et al. (eds.) (1974–2024), Słownik prasłowiański, vols. I–VIII, X–XI, Wrocław: Ossolineum / Warszawa: Instytut Slawistyki PAN
9. ^ a b c d e Slovník nejstarších staroslověnských památek (digital ed., Gorazd, Slovanský ústav AV ČR, gorazd.org); cf. Cejtlin, R. M.; Večerka, R.; Blagova, É. (eds.) (1994), Staroslavjanskij slovar' (po rukopisjam X–XI vekov), Moskva: Russkij jazyk
10. ^ a b c d e Kurz, Josef; Hauptová, Zoe (eds.) (1958–1997), Slovník jazyka staroslověnského / Lexicon linguae palaeoslovenicae, 4 vols. + supplements, Praha: Academia; digital ed. gorazd.org
11. ^ a b Sadnik, Linda; Aitzetmüller, Rudolf (1955), Handwörterbuch zu den altkirchenslavischen Texten, Heidelberg: Winter / 's-Gravenhage: Mouton
12. ^ a b D'jačenko, Grigorij (1899), Polnyj cerkovno-slavjanskij slovar', Moskva