hatian

hatian¹ to hate

Pronunciation

• /ˈxɑ.ti.ɑn/, [ˈhɑ.ti.ɑn]^[1]

Forms

hatian (weak class 2; third-person singular present hataþ, past singular hatode, past plural hatodon)^[1]

Etymology

The verb for hating is inherited from Proto-West Germanic *hatēn, from Proto-Germanic *hatāną (“to hate”).^[1] Ringe and Taylor trace it to a Proto-Germanic weak verb of the third class, continued as Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌽 (hatan) and Old Norse hata: West Germanic had this verb (the source of Old High German hazzēn) beside *hatōn (the source of Old Saxon hatōn), and the second-class verb of Old English continues the latter.^[2][3] Orel and Köbler list the same cognates with Old Frisian hatia.^[4][5]

Kroonen derives the verb from the noun *hatiz (“hatred”) (whence hete), from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂d-es-, the formation of Ancient Greek κῆδος (kêdos, “care, mourning”).^[6] Köbler gives the root as Proto-Indo-European *ḱād- (“grief, hatred”) (Pokorny 517).^[5]

Earliest recorded meaning

The first securely dated record is in the Pastoral Care, in the Hatton manuscript of 890×897: the teaching of rulers is despised when they tælað & hatigað hiera hieramonna unðeawas “blame and hate the vices of their subjects” but do them no other good.^[7][8]

Semantic evolution

Toller's Supplement divides the uses by object: a person hated as deserving reproof, as an object of strong dislike, or with malice, and then hatred shown in deeds, persecution; things too, such as evil or the wealth of the world, are hated.^[9] The verb renders Latin odisse.^[10][5] In Beowulf it means to hate or persecute: the dragon lēode hatode “persecuted the people”.^[11][9] It lived on as Middle English haten, recorded from the Ormulum (c1175), now English hate.^[12][13]

Timeline

• 890×897 – hatigað hiera hieramonna unðeawas in the Pastoral Care (Hatton 20).^[7][8]
• s. x med. – ne scyle nan wis man nænne mannan hatian in the Old English Boethius.^[14][8]
• s. x/xi – lēode hatode in the Beowulf manuscript.^[15][11]
• c1175 – Middle English hateþþ in the Ormulum.^[12]

Meanings

Verb

1. to hate, to feel strong dislike for.^[10][16]
2. to bear malice to; to treat as an enemy, persecute.^[9][11]

Word family

• hatung
• ġehatian

Descendants

• Middle English hatien^[1]
• Middle English haten (→ English hate; Scots hate)^[1]

hatian² to become hot

Pronunciation

• /ˈxɑː.ti.ɑn/, [ˈhɑː.ti.ɑn]^[1]

Forms

hātian (weak class 2; third-person singular present hātaþ, past singular hātode, past plural hātodon)^[1]

Etymology

The verb for becoming hot is formed from Old English hāt (“hot”) + -ian.^[1] Nerthus takes it as made from the adjective without a suffix of its own.^[17] Köbler sets up Proto-Germanic *haitēn (“to become hot”) and compares Old High German heizēn.^[18][10] The adjective is from Proto-Germanic *haitaz (“hot”), which Kroonen explains as an o-grade adjective to a root Proto-Indo-European *keid- without certain cognates outside Germanic.^[19]

Earliest recorded meaning

The first dated record is in Bald's Leechbook, of the mid-tenth century, among the signs of a disease of the belly: cneow hatiað, lendenu hefegiað “the knees grow hot, the loins grow heavy”.^[20][8]

Semantic evolution

The verb is used of things made hot by the sun or by fire, of the body growing hot, and figuratively of the mind stirred by strong feeling, rendering Latin aestuare and calere.^[10][9] In the Old English Bede it stands between hunger, thirst and cold among the weaknesses of human nature: hyngran, þyrstan, hatian, calan.^[10][8] It also describes the fierce heat of persecution, glossing incandescere.^[9] Wiktionary gives Middle English hoten as its descendant.^[1]

Timeline

• s. x med. – cneow hatiað “the knees grow hot” in Bald's Leechbook.^[20][8]
• s. x in. or xi¹ – hyngran, þyrstan, hatian, calan in the Old English Bede (Tanner 10).^[21][10]

Meanings

Verb

1. to become hot, to be hot.^[10][18]
2. of the mind, to be agitated, troubled.^[9]
3. of pain or persecution, to be fierce, rage.^[9]

Word family

• āhātian
• onhātian

Descendants

• Middle English hoten^[1]