Etymologically
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par

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par1 stake

Forms

par[1]

  • Plural pari, definite singular parlu.[2][3]
  • Other spellings: PAR in Papahagi's dictionary;[3] par, plural pari, in Dalametra;[4] páru in Mihăileanu's Romanian-based spelling;[5] πάρου (páru) in Nikolaidis;[6] Πάρου in the Greek script of Kavalliotis's word list, read paru by its editor.[7] Wiktionary gives paru as an alternative form.[1]
  • Regional forms: páru, plural pári, in the dialect of Metsovo.[8]

Etymology

The stake is inherited from Latin pālus (“stake, post”).[3][9][1] The OLD derives the Latin noun from pangō (“to fix, insert firmly”), and compares Ancient Greek πάσσαλος (pássalos, “peg”).[10] De Vaan derives it from an instrument noun Proto-Italic *pāg-slo- of the same verb, which goes back to Proto-Indo-European *ph₂-n-ǵ- (“to attach”).[11]

The word is common to Romanian par, Megleno-Romanian par and Istro-Romanian pår (“pole, stake”).[12][13][14] Elsewhere the Latin word gave Italian palo, Spanish palo, Portuguese pau and French pieu.[15][16]

Earliest recorded meaning

The first record is in Kavalliotis's word list of 1770, where Πάρου translates Modern Greek παλούκι (paloúki, “stake”).[7]

Semantic evolution

The basic sense is a stake or pole driven into the ground.[2][3] Papahagi adds the figurative senses "base, foundation", as in băgă par ("he laid a foundation"), "stubbornness", and "a fight, brawl", from coming to blows with sticks.[3] Dalametra records it for a dull, clumsy person,[4] and Cunia has sta ca parlu for someone who stands by and does nothing.[2]

Timeline

  • 1770 – Πάρου “stake” in Kavalliotis's word list.[7]
  • 1901 – páru, plural pari, in Mihăileanu's dictionary.[5]
  • 1906 – par in Dalametra's dictionary.[4]

Meanings

Noun

  1. A stake, pole, a long piece of wood stuck in the ground.[2][3][1]
  2. (figurative) A foundation, base.[3]
  3. (figurative) Stubbornness.[3]
  4. A fight, brawl.[3]
  5. (figurative) A dull, clumsy person.[4]

par2 to seem

Forms

par (participle pãrutã)[1]

  • Second conjugation: aorist pãrui, participle pãrutã, infinitive pãreari.[2]
  • Other spellings: PAR, aorist părúĭ, infinitive păreáre, in Papahagi's dictionary;[3] páru in Mihăileanu's Romanian-based spelling;[5] πάρου (páru) in Nikolaidis;[6] Pascu heads it by the infinitive PĂREARE.[17]
  • Variants: Wiktionary gives paru, ampar, apar and aparu;[1] Cunia lists apar, mpar and ampar.[2]

Etymology

The verb is inherited from Latin pāreō (“to appear; to obey”).[3][17][1] In Latin its impersonal third person also meant that something appears or is evident; de Vaan reconstructs Proto-Italic *pās-ē- and, with a query, Proto-Indo-European *peh₂-s- (“to watch, see”).[11]

DÉRom reconstructs Proto-Romance *paˈrere (“to have the appearance of, seem”), continued by Romanian părea, Sardinian parrere and Aromanian par.[18] Further cognates are Italian parere and Old Occitan parer.[12][15]

Earliest recorded meaning

Pascu lists Boiagi's grammar of 1813 among his sources for the verb, glossed "to seem, appear".[17]

Semantic evolution

The verb means to seem or appear, and is often used impersonally: Cunia records nj-si pari ("I think, it seems to me"), nj-pari ghini ("I am glad, I like it") and nj-pari arãu ("I regret it").[2]

Timeline

  • 1813 – recorded in Boiagi's grammar, one of the sources Pascu names for the word.[17]
  • 1901 – páru “to seem” in Mihăileanu's dictionary.[5]
  • 1905 – par in Pericle Papahagi's glossary to his folk tales.[19]

Meanings

Verb

  1. To seem, to appear.[2][3][1]
  2. (impersonal, with a dative pronoun) To seem to someone; to think, believe.[2]
  • Romanian par
  • Romanian părea

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Cunia, Tiberius (2008), Dictsiunar a limbãljei armãneascã, Editsii Timpurarã (after T. Papahagi, Ș. Mihăileanu and I. Dalametra; online at dixionline.net), p. 785
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Papahagi, Tache (1974), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, 2nd augmented ed., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, p. 945
  4. ^ a b c d Dalametra, I. (1906), Dicționar macedo-român, București: Academia Română, p. 162
  5. ^ a b c d Mihăileanu, Ștefan (1901), Dicționar macedo-român, București, p. 402
  6. ^ a b Νικολαΐδης, Κωνσταντίνος (1909), Ετυμολογικόν λεξικόν της κουτσοβλαχικής γλώσσης, Αθήνα, p. 408
  7. ^ a b c Meyer, Gustav (1895), Albanesische Studien IV: Das griechisch-südrumänisch-albanesische Wörterverzeichnis des Kavalliotis, Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, phil.-hist. Classe 132, p. 93
  8. ^ Δασούλας, Φώτης (2013), Το βλαχικό ιδίωμα του Μετσόβου, 2nd ed.
  9. ^ Pascu, Giorge (1925), Dictionnaire étymologique macédoroumain, 2 vols. (I: Les éléments latins et romans; II: Les éléments grecs, turcs, slaves, albanais, germaniques, magyars, néologismes, créations immédiates, obscurs), Iași: Cultura Națională, p. 1, 138
  10. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  11. ^ a b de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  12. ^ a b Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001)
  13. ^ Capidan, Theodor (1935), Meglenoromânii III: Dicționar meglenoromân, București: Academia Română, p. 214
  14. ^ Kovačec, August (1998), Istrorumunjsko-hrvatski rječnik (s gramatikom i tekstovima), Pula
  15. ^ a b Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter
  16. ^ Pușcariu, Sextil (1905), Etymologisches Wörterbuch der rumänischen Sprache I: Lateinisches Element, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. 110
  17. ^ a b c d Pascu, Giorge (1925), Dictionnaire étymologique macédoroumain, 2 vols. (I: Les éléments latins et romans; II: Les éléments grecs, turcs, slaves, albanais, germaniques, magyars, néologismes, créations immédiates, obscurs), Iași: Cultura Națională, p. 1, 140
  18. ^ Buchi, Éva; Schweickard, Wolfgang, eds. (2008–), Dictionnaire Étymologique Roman (DÉRom), Nancy: ATILF, http://www.atilf.fr/DERom
  19. ^ Papahagi, Pericle (1905), Basme aromâne și glosar, București: Academia Română, p. 672