Etymologically
Log in

es

This is the current revision of this entry, as edited by bogdan on 26 October 2026 at 23:43. This address is a permanent link to this version.
Changes in this edit History

Forms

es (third-person singular easi or ease, participle ishitã)[1]

  • Verb of the fourth and first conjugations: third person singular easi or ease, participle ishitã.[1] Cunia gives the aorist ishii or inshii beside ishai or inshai, the participle ishitã, inshitã, ishatã or inshatã, and the infinitive ishiri, inshiri, ishari or inshari.[2]
  • Other spellings: ies, esu and iesu in Wiktionary;[1] ES in Papahagi's dictionary, aorist ișíi or i(n)șái;[3] esŭ, aorist işii, in Mihăileanu's Romanian-based spelling;[4] ies and es in Vrabie.[5]
  • Regional forms: Weigand records es with the subjunctive easo and the aorist iusi;[6] Papahagi's folk tales give işâm, işâi and işată as forms he labels Fărșerot.[7]
  • Pascu notes that the n of inshii, inshitã appears only in the unstressed forms.[8]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin exeō (“to go out”),[3][1] formed from ex- (“out of”) and eō (“to go”).[9] Pascu explains the forms with ⟨n⟩ in the unstressed syllables from a compound *inexeō, which arose from the many phrases in which the Latin verb was used with the preposition in.[8] Candrea and Densusianu note that the same inserted ⟨n⟩ is found in some Italian dialects and in Provençal.[10]

The word is common to Eastern Romance: Romanian ieși, Megleno-Romanian ies and Istro-Romanian i̭eşí.[11][12] Further west it continues in Italian uscire, Old French eissir and Old Occitan eisir.[13] De Vaan traces eō to Proto-Italic *ei- and Proto-Indo-European *h₁ei- (“to go”), and the prefix to *eks (“out”) and *h₁eǵʰ.[14]

Earliest recorded meaning

Weigand's glossary of 1894 records es "I come out, break out", with the aorist iusi and the imperfect insa.[6]

Semantic evolution

From the Latin sense "to go out", Papahagi lists ten senses: to go out, to rise (of the sun and stars), to sprout, to lead to or end at, to win at cards or come first, to forget, to become, to break one's word, to overflow, and to have diarrhoea.[3] Cunia gives the same range and adds the figurative "to win".[2]

Timeline

  • 1894 – es “I come out” in Weigand's glossary.[6]
  • 1901 – esŭ, aorist işii, “to go out” in Mihăileanu's dictionary.[4]
  • 1963 – Papahagi derives it from Latin exire.[15]

Meanings

Verb

  1. To go out, leave a closed place.[2][3][1]
  2. (of the sun, moon, stars) To rise.[2][3][1]
  3. (of plants) To sprout, come up.[2][3]
  4. (of a road) To lead to, end at a place.[2][3]
  5. To win at cards or games of chance; to come first.[3]
  6. To forget; to become; to break one's word.[3]
  7. (of water) To overflow.[3]
  8. (figurative) To defecate, have diarrhoea.[3][1]
  • ishiri
  • ishit
  • ishitã
  • ishitor
  • Romanian ieși

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f Cunia, Tiberius (2008), Dictsiunar a limbãljei armãneascã, Editsii Timpurarã (after T. Papahagi, Ș. Mihăileanu and I. Dalametra; online at dixionline.net), p. 436
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Papahagi, Tache (1974), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, 2nd augmented ed., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, p. 533
  4. ^ a b Mihăileanu, Ștefan (1901), Dicționar macedo-român, București, p. 183
  5. ^ Vrabie, Emil (2000), An English-Aromanian (Macedo-Romanian) Dictionary, University, Mississippi: Romance Monographs, p. 207
  6. ^ a b c Weigand, Gustav (1894), Die Aromunen: ethnographisch-philologisch-historische Untersuchungen, vol. II: Volksliteratur der Aromunen (with a glossary), Leipzig: J. A. Barth, p. 303
  7. ^ Papahagi, Pericle (1905), Basme aromâne și glosar, București: Academia Română, p. 592
  8. ^ a b Pascu, Giorge (1925), Dictionnaire étymologique macédoroumain, 2 vols. (I: Les éléments latins et romans; II: Les éléments grecs, turcs, slaves, albanais, germaniques, magyars, néologismes, créations immédiates, obscurs), Iași: Cultura Națională, p. 1, 104
  9. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  10. ^ Candrea, I.-A.; Densusianu, Ov. (1907–1914), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române: elementele latine (A–Putea), București
  11. ^ Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001)
  12. ^ Kovačec, August (1998), Istrorumunjsko-hrvatski rječnik (s gramatikom i tekstovima), Pula
  13. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter
  14. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  15. ^ Papahagi, Tache (1963), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 442