cari
Pronunciation
- /ˈka.ri/[1]
Forms
cari[1]
- The same form serves for masculine and feminine and for the plural.[2] The genitive–dative is generally a cui;[2] a cărúi is rarer, from the Aspropotamos region, and a curór is a form Papahagi labels northern.[2]
- Other spellings: care (Cunia's second form);[3] CARE in Papahagi's and Pascu's dictionaries;[2][4] care in Mihăileanu's dictionary;[5] cari in the Romanian-based spelling of DIARO;[6] care and cari in the glossary to P. Papahagi's folk tales.[7]
- Pascu lists the variants acare and cae in Nikolaidis and cai in Dalametra, P. Papahagi, Mihăileanu and Obedenaru.[4]
Etymology
It is inherited from Latin quālis (“of what kind”).[2][4][1] Pascu takes the genitive–dative a cui from cui, the dative of quī (“who, which”).[4] In Latin, quālis is formed from the relative stem of quī with the suffix -ālis;[8] de Vaan reconstructs it as Proto-Indo-European *kʷeh₂-li-.[9]
The word is common to the four Eastern Romance languages: Romanian care, Megleno-Romanian cari and Istro-Romanian cǫre.[10] Elsewhere in Romance it gave Italian quale, French quel, Spanish cual and Portuguese qual, everywhere a relative and interrogative pronoun.[11][10]
Earliest recorded meaning
Pascu's sources for the pronoun include Boiagi's grammar of 1813, the oldest dated work he cites for it.[4]
Semantic evolution
The Latin word asked "of what kind?"; in Aromanian, as in Romanian, it became the plain relative pronoun "who, which, that" and the interrogative "which?, who?".[4][2][10] Papahagi quotes the phrase cari di carí ("each trying to outdo the other"), as in cari di carí s' avínă ("each vying to hunt").[12]
Timeline
- 1813 – recorded in Boiagi's grammar, as cited by Pascu.[4]
- 1901 – care as a relative pronoun in Mihăileanu's dictionary.[5]
- 1925 – Pascu derives it from Latin qualis.[4]
Meanings
Pronoun
Related words
- Romanian care
Usage notes
Cunia also lists cari as an adverb and conjunction, a variant of cara (“if, when”),[13] and Papahagi likewise refers that use to cára.[12]
References
- ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d e f g h Papahagi, Tache (1974), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, 2nd augmented ed., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, p. 345
- ^ a b c Cunia, Tiberius (2008), Dictsiunar a limbãljei armãneascã, Editsii Timpurarã (after T. Papahagi, Ș. Mihăileanu and I. Dalametra; online at dixionline.net), p. 235
- ^ a b c d e f g h Pascu, Giorge (1925), Dictionnaire étymologique macédoroumain, 2 vols. (I: Les éléments latins et romans; II: Les éléments grecs, turcs, slaves, albanais, germaniques, magyars, néologismes, créations immédiates, obscurs), Iași: Cultura Națională, p. 1, 58
- ^ a b Mihăileanu, Ștefan (1901), Dicționar macedo-român, București, p. 94
- ^ Caragiu Marioțeanu, Matilda et al. (1997), Dicționar aromân (macedo-vlah) DIARO, A–D, București, p. 180
- ^ Papahagi, Pericle (1905), Basme aromâne și glosar, București: Academia Română, p. 558
- ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
- ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
- ^ a b c Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001)
- ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter
- ^ a b Papahagi, Tache (1963), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 248
- ^ Cunia, Tiberius (2008), Dictsiunar a limbãljei armãneascã, Editsii Timpurarã (after T. Papahagi, Ș. Mihăileanu and I. Dalametra; online at dixionline.net), p. 236