afoarã

Forms

afoarã^[1]

• Also nafoarã and nafore, which Wiktionary gives as alternative forms;^[1] Cunia refers nafoarã to this word.^[2]
• Other spellings: AFOÁRĂ and NAFOÁRĂ in Papahagi's dictionary;^[3][4] afoâră and nafoără in Dalametra's Romanian-based spelling;^[5][6] afoáră and nafoáră in Mihăileanu's dictionary;^[7][8] afoaro in Weigand's glossary.^[9]
• In Kavalliotis's word list of 1770 the word is written in Greek script, and Meyer reads it as nafoară.^[10]

Etymology

It is inherited from Vulgar Latin *afforās (“outside”),^[11][12] from Latin ad (“to”) and forās (“out of doors”).^[3][13][1] In Latin, forās expressed motion out of a house or a town.^[14] De Vaan traces ad to Proto-Indo-European *h₂ed (“to”).^[15] Papahagi explains the variant nafoarã as the preposition n added to this word,^[4] while Meyer cites Miklosich for Vulgar Latin *in-ad-forās.^[10]

The word is shared by the four Eastern Romance languages: Romanian afară, Megleno-Romanian nafară and Istro-Romanian afåra.^[13][16][17] Candrea and Densusianu take the Aromanian form to be the regular outcome, and Romanian afară to be a reduced form due to the word's frequent unstressed use.^[18] Further west it continues as Spanish afuera and Portuguese afora, and as affuori in Old Italian.^[13][12]

Earliest recorded meaning

The first record is in Kavalliotis's word list of 1770, where the form nafoară (in Meyer's reading) translates Modern Greek έξω (éxo, “outside”).^[10]

Semantic evolution

Latin forās meant "out of doors".^[14] Aromanian keeps the sense "outside, out of an enclosed place",^[19][3] and with di it means "except": Dalametra has afoâră di tini, tăți vintiră "everyone came except you".^[5] Outside the village is the mountain and the forest: Papahagi gives the senses "in the mountains, from the mountains", and om di afoară is a man of the woods,^[3] for Cunia a mountain dweller, a shepherd or an outlaw.^[19] Di nafoarã also means "by heart".^[4][19] Es afoarã and mi scoate afoarã mean "to have diarrhoea".^[5][7][20]

Timeline

• 1770 – nafoară “outside” in Kavalliotis's word list, in Meyer's reading.^[10]
• 1813 – Boiagi's grammar has afoară di “except” and afoară di cale “excessively”, as cited by Pascu.^[11]
• 1894 – afoaro “outside” in Weigand's glossary.^[9]
• 1901 – afoáră and nafoáră in Mihăileanu's dictionary.^[7][8]
• 1925 – Pascu derives it from Latin *afforas.^[11]

Meanings

Adverb

1. outside, out of doors; out of an enclosed place.^[19][3][1]
2. (with di) except, besides.^[5][3]
3. In the mountains or the woods, away from the villages.^[3][19]
4. (di nafoarã) By heart.^[4][19]
5. separately, apart.^[19][1]

Related words

• fãrã
• Romanian afară

Usage notes

Cunia lists a second afoarã "a kind of typhus", without an etymology;^[21] Mihăileanu records the sense in este agudítŭ di afoáră "he is ill with typhus".^[7]

References

1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ Cunia, Tiberius (2008), Dictsiunar a limbãljei armãneascã, Editsii Timpurarã (after T. Papahagi, Ș. Mihăileanu and I. Dalametra; online at dixionline.net), p. 694
3. ^ a b c d e f g Papahagi, Tache (1974), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, 2nd augmented ed., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, p. 114
4. ^ a b c d Papahagi, Tache (1974), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, 2nd augmented ed., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, p. 847
5. ^ a b c d Dalametra, I. (1906), Dicționar macedo-român, București: Academia Română, p. 5
6. ^ Dalametra, I. (1906), Dicționar macedo-român, București: Academia Română, p. 41
7. ^ a b c d Mihăileanu, Ștefan (1901), Dicționar macedo-român, București, p. 9
8. ^ a b Mihăileanu, Ștefan (1901), Dicționar macedo-român, București, p. 334
9. ^ a b Weigand, Gustav (1894), Die Aromunen: ethnographisch-philologisch-historische Untersuchungen, vol. II: Volksliteratur der Aromunen (with a glossary), Leipzig: J. A. Barth, p. 290
10. ^ a b c d Meyer, Gustav (1895), Albanesische Studien IV: Das griechisch-südrumänisch-albanesische Wörterverzeichnis des Kavalliotis, Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, phil.-hist. Classe 132, p. 49
11. ^ a b c Pascu, Giorge (1925), Dictionnaire étymologique macédoroumain, 2 vols. (I: Les éléments latins et romans; II: Les éléments grecs, turcs, slaves, albanais, germaniques, magyars, néologismes, créations immédiates, obscurs), Iași: Cultura Națională, p. 1, 84
12. ^ a b Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter
13. ^ a b c Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001)
14. ^ a b Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
15. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
16. ^ Pușcariu, Sextil (1905), Etymologisches Wörterbuch der rumänischen Sprache I: Lateinisches Element, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. 4
17. ^ Kovačec, August (1998), Istrorumunjsko-hrvatski rječnik (s gramatikom i tekstovima), Pula
18. ^ Candrea, I.-A.; Densusianu, Ov. (1907–1914), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române: elementele latine (A–Putea), București
19. ^ a b c d e f g Cunia, Tiberius (2008), Dictsiunar a limbãljei armãneascã, Editsii Timpurarã (after T. Papahagi, Ș. Mihăileanu and I. Dalametra; online at dixionline.net)
20. ^ Saramandu, Nicolae (2023), Glosar aromân, Fonetică și dialectologie XLII: 103–176, p. 148
21. ^ Cunia, Tiberius (2008), Dictsiunar a limbãljei armãneascã, Editsii Timpurarã (after T. Papahagi, Ș. Mihăileanu and I. Dalametra; online at dixionline.net), p. 24