из

Forms

из (iz)^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Old East Slavic изъ (izŭ), from Proto-Slavic *jьz.^[1][2][3] The other Slavic languages have Ukrainian із (iz) or з (z), Belarusian з (z), Old Church Slavonic изъ (izŭ), Bulgarian из (iz), Serbo-Croatian из (iz), Slovene iz, Czech z, Slovak z and Polish z; the West Slavic forms have no initial vowel.^[2][4][3] ESRJa and Tsyganenko derive it from an older *ьz with a prothetic ⟨j⟩,^[3][5] while Chernykh calls the initial ⟨i⟩ a Common Slavic innovation that is hard to explain.^[4]

The Slavic preposition continues Proto-Indo-European *eǵʰs, from *eǵʰes;^[3][4] Shaposhnikov analyses it as the demonstrative stem *e- fused with two particles, of which Slavic lacks the final ⟨-s⟩.^[6] It is related to Lithuanian iš (dialectal iž), Latvian iz, Old Prussian is-, Latin ex, Ancient Greek ἐξ (ex), Gaulish ex and Old Irish ess-;^[2][3][6] Vasmer and ESRJa also list Albanian ith (“behind”).^[2][3]

As a prefix, из- is often the Church Slavonic counterpart of native вы-: испить beside выпить, избить beside выбить, исполнить beside выполнить.^[2] The compound prepositions из-за and из-под were formed from it with за and под.^[5]

Earliest recorded meaning

The Menaion for September of 1096 has „Адамъ и Еуга ис тъля съмьртьныя избавиша ся” “Adam and Eve were delivered from mortal decay”.^[7] The chronicles tell under 907 that „изыде Олегъ ис корабля” “Oleg came out of the ship”, in the Sofia First Chronicle.^[7] Chernykh dates the preposition in Old Russian from the 11th century.^[4]

Semantic evolution

The oldest sense is movement out of a place or a state, and Old Russian also used it for removal from an office: the Novgorod First Chronicle tells under 1156 that the people of Novgorod drove Sudila „ис посадницьства” “out of the office of posadnik”.^[7] With a second preposition it marks passage from one place to another, as in the Lay of Igor's Campaign: „путь кажетъ изъ земли Половецкой на землю Рускую” “shows the way out of the Polovtsian land to the Russian land”.^[7] Shaposhnikov records the forms из, изъ and изо in the 11th–17th centuries.^[6] The modern language adds the senses of material, cause and a part of a whole.^[8]

Timeline

• 1096 – „ис тъля” “from decay” in the Menaion for September.^[7]
• 1156 – „ис посадницьства” in the Novgorod First Chronicle.^[7]
• end of the 12th century – „изъ земли Половецкой” in the Lay of Igor's Campaign.^[7]
• 1684 – „изъ горы идетъ жаръ” “heat comes out of the hill”, in a report from Irkutsk.^[7]

Meanings

Preposition

1. (with the genitive) out of, from: the place or source an action starts from.^[8][1]
2. Of, among: a part taken out of a whole, старший из братьев “the eldest of the brothers”.^[8]
3. Marks the means by which something is done.^[8]
4. Of, made of: the material something consists of, стол из дуба “an oak table”.^[8]
5. Marks what something turns into or grows out of.^[8]
6. Out of, from: the cause or motive, из зависти “out of envy”.^[8]
7. With a number, gives the size of a group: a committee of five.^[8]

Related words

• из-
• изо-
• ис-
• из-за
• из-под
• вы-
• Old East Slavic изъ (izŭ)

Usage notes

Chernykh and Vasmer give the variants изо and, as a prefix, из-, изо- and ис-.^[4][2]

References

1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), Ètimologičeskij slovar' russkogo jazyka, transl. and suppl. by O. N. Trubačev, 4 vols., Moskva: Progress, p. 2, 119–120
3. ^ a b c d e f Shansky, N. M.; Zhuravlev, A. F. (eds.) (1963–2007), Ètimologičeskij slovar' russkogo jazyka [Этимологический словарь русского языка], vols. 1–10 (A–M), Moskva: Izdatel'stvo Moskovskogo universiteta, p. 7, s.v. из
4. ^ a b c d e Chernykh, P. Ya. (1993), Istoriko-ètimologičeskij slovar' sovremennogo russkogo jazyka [Историко-этимологический словарь современного русского языка], 2 vols., Moskva: Russkij jazyk, p. 1, s.v. из
5. ^ a b Tsyganenko, G. P. (1989), Ètimologičeskij slovar' russkogo jazyka [Этимологический словарь русского языка], 2nd ed., Kiev: Radjans'ka škola, p. s.v. из
6. ^ a b c Shaposhnikov, A. K. (2010), Ètimologičeskij slovar' sovremennogo russkogo jazyka [Этимологический словарь современного русского языка], 2 vols., Moskva: Flinta / Nauka, p. 1, 336
7. ^ a b c d e f g h Barkhudarov, S. G. et al. (eds.) (1975–), Slovar' russkogo jazyka XI–XVII vv. [Словарь русского языка XI–XVII вв.], vols. 1–31, Moskva: Nauka / Azbukovnik / Lexrus, p. 6, 91
8. ^ a b c d e f g h Ozhegov, S. I.; Shvedova, N. Yu. (1997), Tolkovyj slovar' russkogo jazyka [Толковый словарь русского языка], 4th ed., Moskva: Azbukovnik, p. s.v. из