Etymologically
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здесь

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Pronunciation

  • [zʲdʲesʲ][1]

Forms

здесь (zdesʹ)[1] Before 1918 it was spelled здѣсь.[1]

Etymology

It goes back to Old East Slavic сьдесе (sĭdese), recorded in the Hypatian Chronicle and a charter of 1378,[2] formed from Old East Slavic сьде (sĭde, “here”) + се (se, “behold”): Vasmer and Tsyganenko take the second part for the particle се “lo”, weakened to -сь (-sĭ),[2][3] while ESRJa and Shansky take it for the pronoun сь (sĭ, “this”), as in dialectal вчерась.[4][5] ESRJa calls the word itself specifically Russian.[4] The modern form arose through the loss of the weak jer and the voicing of /s/ before /d/.[5][3]

сьде (sĭde) continues Proto-Slavic *sьde (“here”), formed from the pronoun *sь (“this”) as где was formed from *kъde;[2][4] Shaposhnikov also gives a variant in ⟨-dě⟩ “now, here” and analyses it as the demonstrative with the particle *de.[6] ESRJa traces the suffix to Proto-Indo-European *-dʰe.[4] Its relatives are Old Church Slavonic сьде (sĭde), Slovene zdè and Czech zde, and Serbo-Croatian сада (sada, “now”);[2][7] the other Slavic languages say “here” with words like тут.[7] In some dialects the ending ⟨-де⟩ became ⟨-дѣ⟩ under the influence of the locative ending.[2]

Earliest recorded meaning

Vasmer, after Sreznevsky, cites сьдесе from the Hypatian Chronicle and a charter of 1378.[2] ESRJa dates здесь to 1391,[4] in a record that survives in a 16th-century copy: „А здесь, господине, на Москве” “and here, lord, in Moscow”.[8] The shorter Old Russian сьде, used before the loss of the jers, is older.[7]

Semantic evolution

Shaposhnikov records сьде, сде(сь), сьдѣ, здѣ and здѣсь in the 11th–17th centuries.[6] SlRJa has the variants здѣсе (1566) and здѣся (1667), and the sense “on earth, in this life”.[8] Polikarpov's dictionary of 1704 gives only здѣ, which stayed in high style, chiefly poetry, until the early 19th century; the northern dialects keep здись, зде and здеся.[7] Vinogradov cites a report of 1902 that the Greben Cossacks did not say здесь at home but only тут, and laughed at those who did.[9]

Timeline

  • 1378 – сьдесе in a charter.[2]
  • 1391 – здесь in a document, known from a 16th-century copy.[4][8]
  • 1566 – the variant здѣсе.[8]
  • 1667 – the variant здѣся.[8]
  • 1704 – Polikarpov's dictionary gives only здѣ.[7]
  • 1902 – the Greben Cossacks are reported to use тут instead.[9]

Meanings

Adverb

  1. here, in this place.[10][1]
  2. In this case, in this instance: here you are wrong.[10]
  3. At this point, at this moment: here the narrator fell silent.[10]

Word family

  • здешний

References

  1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), Ètimologičeskij slovar' russkogo jazyka, transl. and suppl. by O. N. Trubačev, 4 vols., Moskva: Progress, p. 2, 89–90
  3. ^ a b Tsyganenko, G. P. (1989), Ètimologičeskij slovar' russkogo jazyka [Этимологический словарь русского языка], 2nd ed., Kiev: Radjans'ka škola, p. s.v. здесь
  4. ^ a b c d e f Shansky, N. M.; Zhuravlev, A. F. (eds.) (1963–2007), Ètimologičeskij slovar' russkogo jazyka [Этимологический словарь русского языка], vols. 1–10 (A–M), Moskva: Izdatel'stvo Moskovskogo universiteta, p. 6, s.v. здесь
  5. ^ a b Shansky, N. M.; Ivanov, V. V.; Shanskaya, T. V. (1975), Kratkij ètimologičeskij slovar' russkogo jazyka [Краткий этимологический словарь русского языка], 3rd ed., Moskva: Prosveščenie, p. s.v. здесь
  6. ^ a b Shaposhnikov, A. K. (2010), Ètimologičeskij slovar' sovremennogo russkogo jazyka [Этимологический словарь современного русского языка], 2 vols., Moskva: Flinta / Nauka, p. 1, 317
  7. ^ a b c d e Chernykh, P. Ya. (1993), Istoriko-ètimologičeskij slovar' sovremennogo russkogo jazyka [Историко-этимологический словарь современного русского языка], 2 vols., Moskva: Russkij jazyk, p. 1, s.v. здесь
  8. ^ a b c d e Barkhudarov, S. G. et al. (eds.) (1975–), Slovar' russkogo jazyka XI–XVII vv. [Словарь русского языка XI–XVII вв.], vols. 1–31, Moskva: Nauka / Azbukovnik / Lexrus, p. 5, 363
  9. ^ a b Vinogradov, V. V. (1999), Istorija slov [История слов], Moskva: Institut russkogo jazyka RAN (online edition, etymolog.ruslang.ru), p. s.v. здесь
  10. ^ a b c Ozhegov, S. I.; Shvedova, N. Yu. (1997), Tolkovyj slovar' russkogo jazyka [Толковый словарь русского языка], 4th ed., Moskva: Azbukovnik, p. s.v. здесь