strămurare

Forms

strămurare f (plural strămurări)^[1] The Codicele Voronețean has străminare, for Greek ὁρμή “impulse”: „Încătruo va din străminare” (James 3:4).^[2]

Etymology

It is inherited from Vulgar Latin *stimulāria, formed on stimulus (“goad”).^[3][4][5][1] DER, after Tiktin and the REW, derives it from the verb stimulō (“to goad”).^[6][2][7] Cihac reconstructed a Latin type in ⟨-aris⟩.^[8]

It survives south of the Danube: Aromanian strimurare, also strimburari, and Megleno-Romanian strămulari.^{[6][9][10][11]} The REW lists it with Romance words from a variant *stumulus, such as Campidanese strumbulu.^[7] Albanian strumullar was borrowed from Romanian, according to Capidan.^[6]

The old variant strămur seems to continue the Latin noun directly, as DER and Cihac take it;^[8] Tiktin thought it an artificial Latinist form, but DER finds no sign of that.^[6][8]

Earliest recorded meaning

Tiktin's first record is the Codicele Voronețean of the 16th century, with the form străminare and a figurative sense, “impulse”, at James 3:4.^[2] The literal goad appears in the New Testament of Bălgrad: „Cu greu-ț iaste a zvârli împotriva strămurării” “it is hard for thee to kick against the goad”.^[5][12] DLR and DLRLV date this New Testament to 1648;^[4] MDA2 prints 1684 for the same page.^[5][4]

Semantic evolution

The core sense is the stick with an iron point used to drive oxen at the plough, as in Neculce's story of Poles yoked to a plough and prodded with goads like oxen.^[5][12] It extended to any long thin switch, a whip handle, a big needle or thorn, and in folk songs a young shoot.^[4][5] The figurative sense “spur, incentive” runs from the Codicele Voronețean to Cantemir.^[2][12] Of a haughty person one says that you cannot reach his nose with a goad.^[2][13]

Old and regional forms include stremurare, stremănare and strămurariță.^[2][4] The verb strămura “to prod, to goad” was formed on it.^[6]

Timeline

• c. 1563–1583 – străminare “impulse” in the Codicele Voronețean, the first record.^[2]
• 1648 – strămurării “the goad” in the New Testament of Bălgrad.^[5][12]
• 1664 – a Slavonic–Romanian lexicon gives it for Slavonic пострѣкатель “instigator”.^[14]
• 1688 – strămurare in the Bucharest Bible (2 Corinthians 12:7).^[15]

Meanings

Noun

1. (popular) A goad: a sharp stick or a pole with an iron point, used to drive cattle.^[3][1]
2. By extension, a long, thin, flexible switch.^[3]
3. (old, figurative) A spur, an incentive.^[4][12]

Word family

• strămura

References

1. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. strămurare
3. ^ a b c DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 1057
4. ^ a b c d e f Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 2, 1004
5. ^ a b c d e f Academia Română (1965–2010), Dicționarul limbii române (DLR), serie nouă, tom I–XIX, București: Editura Academiei Române, p. s.v. strămurare
6. ^ a b c d e Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. strămurare
7. ^ a b Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 8261
8. ^ a b c Cihac, A. de (1870), Dictionnaire d'étymologie daco-romane I: Éléments latins comparés avec les autres langues romanes, Frankfurt am Main, p. 265
9. ^ Papahagi, Tache (1963), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 982
10. ^ Cunia, Tiberius (2008), Dictsiunar a limbãljei armãneascã, Editsii Timpurarã (after T. Papahagi, Ș. Mihăileanu and I. Dalametra; online at dixionline.net), p. 976
11. ^ Capidan, Theodor (1935), Meglenoromânii III: Dicționar meglenoromân, București: Academia Română, p. 276
12. ^ a b c d e Costinescu, Mariana; Georgescu, Magdalena; Zgraon, Florentina (1987), Dicționarul limbii române literare vechi (1640–1780): termeni regionali, București: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, p. 1, 273
13. ^ Scriban, August (1939), Dicționaru limbii românești (etimologii, înțelesuri, exemple, citațiuni, arhaizme, neologizme, provincializme), Iași: Presa Bună, p. 1250
14. ^ Ungureanu, Mădălina; Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Moruz, Alexandru (eds.), eRomLex: The First Romanian Bilingual Dictionaries (17th century), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. s.v. strămurare
15. ^ Biblia, adecă Dumnezeiasca Scriptură a ceii vechi și a ceii noao leage, București, 1688 (ed. 1988, tricentennial edition), p. 2 Cor 12:7