standard

Forms

standard n (plural standarde)^[1] MDA2 records a regional variant standar and a rare ștandard, and besides the plural standarde a rare standarduri.^[2][3]

Etymology

It is borrowed from French standard, with English standard beside it, as DEX and DILF give it;^[4][5] DLR, NODEX and MDA2 add borrowed from German Standard.^[6][7][2] Wiktionary names only French.^[1] Gabinschi takes it from English.^[8]

The English noun first meant a royal or military banner, from Old French estendart through the Anglo-Norman form, and by 1429 it had come to mean a standard of weights and measures.^[9][10] Kluge calls this change of meaning not surely explained, and traces the special sense back to Anglo-Norman, where it already meant a binding unit of measure.^[11] French took the word from English in 1893, and German in the 19th century.^[9][11] Romanian stindard “banner” goes back to the same Romance word, through Italian stendardo, so the two are doublets.^[12][8]

Earliest recorded meaning

Barcianu's Romanian–German dictionary of 1886 has a neuter standard glossed with German Reiterfahne, Standarte, a cavalry banner.^[13] MDA2's first record is the Enciclopedia română of 1898.^[2]

Semantic evolution

The modern sense is a norm or set of norms fixing the quality, size and type of a product, and the document that records it; by extension, a product made to such a norm.^[4][2] DLR's quotations from the 1950s on show the word in industry and in animal breeding, where an animal is judged against the breed's standard.^[6] The standard de stat was the norm approved by the government, abbreviated STAS.^[2][14] Standard de viață means the standard of living.^[4]

Used as an adjective it means “made to a pattern, lacking originality”,^[4] and in linguistics limbă standard is the common form of a language used by all its speakers.^[15] In jazz a standard is a tune that has stayed in the repertoire.^[15]

Timeline

• 1886 – standard “cavalry banner” in Barcianu's dictionary.^[13]
• 1898 – in the Enciclopedia română.^[2]
• 1952 – technical norms, in a quotation in DLR.^[6]

Meanings

Noun

1. A standard, norm: a rule or set of rules fixing the quality, features and form of a product; the document that sets them out.^[4][2]
2. A product made according to such a norm.^[4]
3. standard de viață: the standard of living.^[4][7]
4. (music) A jazz tune that has stayed in the repertoire.^[15]

Adjective

1. (figurative) Made to a pattern; commonplace, lacking originality.^[4][7]

Related words

• stindard
• standardiza
• English standard

References

1. ^ a b Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 2, 971
3. ^ Macrea, Dimitrie; Petrovici, Emil (coord.) (1955–1957), Dicționarul limbii romîne literare contemporane, 4 vols., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 4, 216
4. ^ a b c d e f g h DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 1, 1046
5. ^ Costăchescu, Adriana; Dincă, Daniela; Dragoste, Ramona; Popescu, Mihaela; Scurtu, Gabriela (2009–2010), Dicționar de împrumuturi lexicale din limba franceză (DILF), 2 vols., Craiova: Universitaria, p. s.v. standard
6. ^ a b c Academia Română (1965–2010), Dicționarul limbii române (DLR), serie nouă, tom I–XIX, București: Editura Academiei Române, p. s.v. standard
7. ^ a b c Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2002), Noul dicționar explicativ al limbii române, București: Litera Internațional, p. s.v. standard
8. ^ a b Gabinschi, Marcu (2001), Dicționar de dublete etimologice ale limbii române, 2nd ed., Chișinău: Litera, p. 164
9. ^ a b Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert
10. ^ Pfeifer, Wolfgang, et al. (1993), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen, 2nd ed., Berlin: Akademie-Verlag; digital revised version in the DWDS, dwds.de
11. ^ a b Kluge, Friedrich; Seebold, Elmar (2011), Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache, 25th ed., Berlin / Boston: De Gruyter
12. ^ Graur, Alexandru (1980), Cuvinte înrudite, București: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, p. 100
13. ^ a b Barcianu, Sava Popovici (1886), Dicționar român-germân și germân-român, revised by D. P. Barcianu, part I: român-germân, Sibiu: Institut tipografic, p. 604
14. ^ Marcu, Florin (2000), Marele dicționar de neologisme, București: Saeculum Vizual, p. s.v. standard
15. ^ a b c Marcu, Florin; Maneca, Constant (1986), Dicționar de neologisme, 3rd ed., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, p. s.v. standard