risc

Forms

risc n (plural riscuri)^[1] Old forms after Italian are rișchiu, in Maior, and rizic and risico, in a text Tiktin cites from Furnică.^[2][3]

Etymology

It is borrowed from French risque, as DEX, MDA2, MDN, DILF and Wiktionary give it.^{[4][3][5][6][1]} Tiktin also names Italian rischio and German Risiko, and DN compares the Medieval Latin and Old Italian forms named below.^[2][7] The earlier form rișchiu points to Italian;^[2] Scriban takes the variant rizic from risico, and Ciorănescu sees in this form, meaning “danger”, a doublet of the word, from Modern Greek ριζικό (rizikó, “fate”), itself from the Italian.^[8][9]

French borrowed the word in 1557 from Old Italian risco, which goes back to Medieval Latin risicus or riscus of a text of 1359.^[10] Its further origin is disputed: some derive it from Latin resecō (“to cut off”) through a Vulgar Latin *resecum “something that cuts, a reef”, a risk to goods at sea;^[10] P. Guiraud rejects this and proposes a Romance *rixicō, from rixa (“quarrel”).^[10]

Earliest recorded meaning

Tiktin dates the first record to 1786, in a text he cites from Furnică.^[2] MDA2's first record is Negulici's vocabulary of neologisms of 1848, which glosses risc with Latin discrimen and Romanian pericol, primejdie “danger”.^[3][11]

Semantic evolution

The sense “possible danger” has stayed, widened to the chance of trouble or of a loss.^[4][3] Costinescu in 1870 still marks it as foreign and glosses it with pericol, hazard and primejdie;^[12][13] Damé labels it a neologism in the 1890s.^[12][13] The phrase a pune în risc “to endanger” is now dated, while cu orice risc “at any cost” is current.^[3][14]

Financial and social language formed terms such as risc de țară “country risk”, after English country risk and French risque pays, and risc maternal “maternity leave allowance”.^[15]

Timeline

• 1786 – the first record, cited by Tiktin from Furnică.^[2]
• 1848 – risc in Negulici's vocabulary of neologisms.^[11][3]
• 1870 – Costinescu glosses it as a foreign word.^[12]
• 1998 – risc de țară “country risk”.^[15]
• 2005 – risc maternal “maternity leave allowance”.^[15]

Meanings

Noun

1. risk: the possibility of coming into danger, of facing trouble or of suffering a loss: Și-a asumat riscul. “He took the risk.”^[4][3][1]
2. In cu orice risc: at any cost.^[3]
3. In cu riscul + genitive: at the risk of: cu riscul vieții “at the risk of one's life”.^[14]

Word family

• risca

Related words

• rizic

Usage notes

The plural is riscuri.^[4] The verb risca “to risk” is a separate entry: Ciorănescu derives it from the noun, Scriban from French risquer.^[9][8]

References

1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. risc
3. ^ a b c d e f g h Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 2, 714
4. ^ a b c d DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 957
5. ^ Marcu, Florin (2000), Marele dicționar de neologisme, București: Saeculum Vizual, p. s.v. risc
6. ^ Costăchescu, Adriana; Dincă, Daniela; Dragoste, Ramona; Popescu, Mihaela; Scurtu, Gabriela (2009–2010), Dicționar de împrumuturi lexicale din limba franceză (DILF), 2 vols., Craiova: Universitaria, p. s.v. risc
7. ^ Marcu, Florin; Maneca, Constant (1986), Dicționar de neologisme, 3rd ed., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, p. s.v. risc
8. ^ a b Scriban, August (1939), Dicționaru limbii românești (etimologii, înțelesuri, exemple, citațiuni, arhaizme, neologizme, provincializme), Iași: Presa Bună, p. 1128
9. ^ a b Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. risc
10. ^ a b c Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert
11. ^ a b Negulici, I. D. (1848), Vocabular romînesc de toate vorbele streine întroduse pînă acum în limba romînească și de toate cuvintele ce s-ar mai putea introduce încă, București, p. s.v. risc
12. ^ a b c Costinescu, Ion (1870), Vocabularu romano-francesu, 2 vols., Bucuresci, p. 2, 446
13. ^ a b Damé, Frédéric (1893–1895), Nouveau dictionnaire roumain-français, 4 vols., Bucarest: Imprimerie de l'État, p. s.v. risc
14. ^ a b Macrea, Dimitrie; Petrovici, Emil (coord.) (1955–1957), Dicționarul limbii romîne literare contemporane, 4 vols., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 3, 753
15. ^ a b c Dimitrescu, Florica (1997), Dicționar de cuvinte recente, 2nd ed., București: Logos (with the 3rd ed., 2013, in CLRE), p. s.v. risc