considera

Forms

considera (third-person singular present consideră, past participle considerat; first conjugation)^[1] The old present considerez stood beside consider: Negulici's dictionary of 1848 conjugates the verb both ways.^[2][3]

Etymology

It is borrowed from French considérer or Latin cōnsīderō (“to examine, look at closely”): DEX 2009, MDN and MDA2 give both, and DN compares Italian considerare as well.^[4][5][6][7] DELR, the DA and Tiktin give French, with Latin as the source of the French verb.^[8][3][9][1]

French borrowed the verb in the 13th century.^[10] The Latin verb is formed from con- and sīdus (“star, constellation”); it first meant “to watch the stars”, a term of augury, as with contemplor.^[8][10][11] De Vaan explains it from an older sense “target” of the noun.^[8]

Earliest recorded meaning

DELR and Tiktin date the first record to 1818, in a work by Petrovici.^[8][9] Negulici's dictionary of 1848 defines considerare as looking at something carefully and examining it, and as holding someone in respect.^[2] MDA2's first record is the dictionary of Polizu (1857).^[6]

Semantic evolution

The sense “to examine, look at closely” is now rare.^[3][6] From “to take into account” came the formula considerând că “whereas, given that”, modelled on French considérant, which opens the statement of reasons in laws and court rulings; the noun considerent “ground, consideration” comes from the same French word.^[3][8] The main modern sense, “to regard as”, is in Polizu, and the extended sense “to esteem” in Șăineanu.^[3][12]

Most of the family came from French with the verb: considerabil “considerable” is recorded from 1815, considerație from 1817, desconsidera from 1848.^[8]

Timeline

• 1815 – considerabil, from French.^[8]
• 1817 – considerație “regard; opinion; reason”.^[8]
• 1818 – considera, the first record.^[8][9]
• 1846 – desconsiderație, in Laurian.^[8]
• 1848 – considerare in Negulici; desconsidera “to disregard”.^[2][8]
• 1857 – considerent “ground, reason”;^[8][3][6] considera “to regard as” in Polizu's dictionary.^[8][3][6]
• 1876 – reconsidera “to reconsider”.^[8]

Meanings

Verb

1. To consider, to regard as; reflexive: to consider oneself: Se consideră un om norocos.^[4][6][1]
2. considerând că: considering that, given that.^[4][6]
3. To esteem, to hold in respect.^[4][5]
4. To examine, to analyse, to study.^[4][7]

Word family

• considerabil
• considerent
• considerat
• considerație
• desconsidera
• desconsiderație
• reconsidera

Related words

• Latin cōnsīderō

References

1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c Negulici, I. D. (1848), Vocabular romînesc de toate vorbele streine întroduse pînă acum în limba romînească și de toate cuvintele ce s-ar mai putea introduce încă, București, p. s.v. considerare
3. ^ a b c d e f g Academia Română (1913–1949), Dicționarul limbii române (DA), ed. Sextil Pușcariu, tom I (A–B, C, D–De) and tom II (F–I, J–Lojniță), București: Socec / Universul / Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului; page scans at cflr-scans.solirom.ro, p. s.v. considera
4. ^ a b c d e DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 223
5. ^ a b Marcu, Florin (2000), Marele dicționar de neologisme, București: Saeculum Vizual, p. s.v. considera
6. ^ a b c d e f g Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 489
7. ^ a b Marcu, Florin; Maneca, Constant (1986), Dicționar de neologisme, 3rd ed., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, p. s.v. considera
8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2011–), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române (DELR), vol. I: A–B (2011), vol. II: C (2015–2018), București: Editura Academiei Române; continued online at delr.lingv.ro, p. s.v. considera
9. ^ a b c Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. considera
10. ^ a b Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert
11. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. consīderō
12. ^ Șăineanu, Lazăr (1929), Dicționar universal al limbei române, 6th ed., Craiova: Scrisul Românesc, p. 160