bogat

Forms

bogat m or n (feminine singular bogată, masculine plural bogați, feminine/neuter plural bogate)^[1] In Moldavia and Transylvania the variant bugăt is used as an adverb meaning “enough”.^[2] In Sălaj the form bâgăt means “big, fat”: om bâgăt.^[3][4]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Old Church Slavonic богатъ (bogatŭ, “rich”).^{[2][5][4][6][3][1]} The Slavonic word is from Proto-Slavic *bogatъ, formed on *bogъ (“wealth, well-being”) with the adjectival suffix *-atъ.^[5][4][7] DELR traces this noun to an Indo-European root meaning “to distribute”, found in Sanskrit words for “to share out” and “wealth”, and also in богъ (bogŭ, “god”), perhaps of Iranian origin.^[5] Ciorănescu compares Bulgarian богат (bogat) and Albanian bugat.^[2][8] He remarks that no Romance language kept the Latin word for this notion.^[2]

South of the Danube the word is Aromanian îmbugat and Megleno-Romanian bogat.^[2][9][10] The DDM and Capidan take the Megleno-Romanian word from Bulgarian or Macedonian.^[10][11]

Earliest recorded meaning

The first record is a place name, Bugath, in a Maramureș document of 1300;^[5][12] Tiktin's first date is 1459.^[5][12] As an ordinary word it appears in the Psaltirea Hurmuzaki (c. 1500–1520): bogați in Psalm 9:30 and bogatul “the rich man” in Psalm 48:2.^[13][5] The Codicele Voronețean (c. 1563–1583) speaks of „mișeii lumiei bogați întru credință” “the poor of the world rich in faith”.^[3][4]

Semantic evolution

Besides “rich in goods” the word meant early “abundant, plentiful”, “richly adorned” and, in the old language, simply “many, numerous”: Neculce writes „bogată rușine le era” “great was their shame”, and Antim “in many places” as „în bogate locuri”.^[3][12] In the gold mines of Săcărâmb bogată was ore containing gold and silver.^[3][5] Gură bogată, literally “rich mouth”, is a chatterbox.^[3][12]

The derivatives appear early: bogătate and bogăți in the Psaltirea Hurmuzaki, bogăție “wealth” and îmbogăți “to enrich” in Coresi's Tetraevanghel of 1560–1561, bogătaș “rich man” in Dosoftei in 1673.^[5]

Timeline

• 1300 – Bugath, a place name in a Maramureș document, the first record.^[5]
• 1459 – Tiktin's first record.^[12]
• c. 1500–1520 – bogați and bogatul in the Psaltirea Hurmuzaki, with bogătate and bogăți.^[14][5]
• 1557 – the personal name Bocotan in a Slavonic–Romanian document, possibly the first record of bogătan.^[5]
• 1560–1561 – bogăție and îmbogăți in Coresi's Tetraevanghel.^[5]
• c. 1563–1583 – bogați întru credință in the Codicele Voronețean.^[3][4]
• 1673 – bogătaș “rich man” in Dosoftei's Psalter.^[5]
• 1885 – bogătan “rich man” in Jarník and Bârseanu's collection.^[5]

Meanings

Adjective

1. rich, wealthy: having plenty of money and material means.^[6][4]
2. Containing something in large quantity: un sol bogat în fier “a soil rich in iron”; of flowers, double; of land, fertile.^[6][15]
3. Of things: costly, valuable; sumptuous, luxurious.^[6][1]
4. (obsolete) Many, numerous.^[3][4]

Adverb

1. Richly, fully, amply.^[1]

Noun

1. A rich person: bogatul și săracul “the rich man and the poor man”.^[6][1]
2. (regional, miners' word, feminine) A piece of ore containing gold or silver.^[3][4]

Word family

• bogătan
• bogătancă
• bogătaș
• bogătate
• bogățel
• bogăți
• bogățică
• bogăție
• îmbogăța
• îmbogăți
• îmbogățitor
• bocotan

Related words

• Aromanian îmbugat

Usage notes

Putred de bogat, literally “rotten with riches”, means “extremely rich”.^[4]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. bogat
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Academia Română (1913–1949), Dicționarul limbii române (DA), ed. Sextil Pușcariu, tom I (A–B, C, D–De) and tom II (F–I, J–Lojniță), București: Socec / Universul / Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului; page scans at cflr-scans.solirom.ro, p. s.v. bogat
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 223
5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2011–), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române (DELR), vol. I: A–B (2011), vol. II: C (2015–2018), București: Editura Academiei Române; continued online at delr.lingv.ro, p. s.v. bogat
6. ^ a b c d e DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 110
7. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 4, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 50
8. ^ Georgiev, Vladimir I. et al. (eds.) (1971–), Bălgarski etimologičen rečnik, Sofija: Izdatelstvo na Bălgarskata akademija na naukite, p. 1, 61
9. ^ Papahagi, Tache (1963), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 584
10. ^ a b Saramandu, Nicolae (coord.) et al. (2010–), Dicționarul dialectului meglenoromân, general și etimologic, fascicles in Fonetică și dialectologie XXIX–, p. 89
11. ^ Capidan, Theodor (1935), Meglenoromânii III: Dicționar meglenoromân, București: Academia Română, p. 43
12. ^ a b c d e Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. bogat
13. ^ Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Ungureanu, Mădălina; Moruz, Alexandru et al., roPsalt: Re-evaluating the Sixteenth Century Romanian Psalters (aligned corpus), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. Ps 48:2
14. ^ Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Ungureanu, Mădălina; Moruz, Alexandru et al., roPsalt: Re-evaluating the Sixteenth Century Romanian Psalters (aligned corpus), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. Ps 9:30
15. ^ Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2002), Noul dicționar explicativ al limbii române, București: Litera Internațional, p. s.v. bogat