Etymologically

Etymology and origin of the Romanian word amendă

Confidence
Established
Formation
Borrowing
First attested
1802 More words from the 19th century
Borrowed from
French amende
Ultimate origin
Latin mendum

Forms

amendă f (plural amenzi)[1]

Etymology

It is borrowed from French amende (“fine, penalty”), a 19th-century French loan of the legal vocabulary.[2][3][4][5][1] The French noun is a deverbal noun from amender (“to make good, correct, pay for a damage”),[3][1] which goes back to Latin ēmendō (“to free from faults, correct”), formed on mendum or menda (“defect, fault”).[3] In Romanian the singular has /d/ and the plural ⟨amenzi⟩ /z/, the alternation of native nouns such as ladă, plural ⟨lăzi⟩.[5][1]

Earliest recorded meaning

Tiktin dates the first record to 1802, in a text by Micu, with the sense “fine, money penalty”.[6] DELR's first record is from about 1832, in Iordache Golescu's Condica limbii rumânești.[3]

Semantic evolution

The word has kept its legal sense of a penalty paid in money.[7][5] Negulici's dictionary of neologisms (1848) explained it with the older words gloabă and straf.[8] Scriban also refers the reader to gloabă.[9]

The phrase amendă onorabilă copies French amende honorable.[6][9] Scriban explains that in France this was a degrading punishment, a public confession of an offence, abolished in 1791.[9] In Romanian a face amendă onorabilă means to admit one's mistake in public.[9][10] Recent press usage has the compound amendă-record “record fine”.[11]

Timeline

  • 1802 – first record, in a text by Micu.[6]
  • c. 1832 – amendă and amendabil in Iordache Golescu's dictionary.[3]
  • 1840 – the verb amenda “to fine”.[3]
  • 1848 – listed in Negulici's dictionary of neologisms.[8]
  • 1870 – subamendament in Costinescu's dictionary.[3]

Meanings

Noun

  1. A fine: a penalty that consists in paying a sum of money.[5][4][1]
  2. In amendă onorabilă: a public apology, the admission of one's own mistake.[12][13]

Word family

  • amenda
  • amendabil
  • amendament

Usage notes

The plural is amenzi (genitive singular amenzii); old dictionaries also give a plural amende.[14][7][9]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. amendă
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2011–), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române (DELR), vol. I: A–B (2011), vol. II: C (2015–2018), București: Editura Academiei Române; continued online at delr.lingv.ro, p. s.v. amendă
  4. ^ a b Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 52
  5. ^ a b c d DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 35
  6. ^ a b c Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. amendă
  7. ^ a b Academia Română (1913–1949), Dicționarul limbii române (DA), ed. Sextil Pușcariu, tom I (A–B, C, D–De) and tom II (F–I, J–Lojniță), București: Socec / Universul / Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului; page scans at cflr-scans.solirom.ro, p. s.v. amendă
  8. ^ a b Negulici, I. D. (1848), Vocabular romînesc de toate vorbele streine întroduse pînă acum în limba romînească și de toate cuvintele ce s-ar mai putea introduce încă, București, p. s.v. amendă
  9. ^ a b c d e Scriban, August (1939), Dicționaru limbii românești (etimologii, înțelesuri, exemple, citațiuni, arhaizme, neologizme, provincializme), Iași: Presa Bună, p. 1, 94
  10. ^ Macrea, Dimitrie; Petrovici, Emil (coord.) (1955–1957), Dicționarul limbii romîne literare contemporane, 4 vols., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 1, 75
  11. ^ Dimitrescu, Florica (1997), Dicționar de cuvinte recente, 2nd ed., București: Logos (with the 3rd ed., 2013, in CLRE), p. s.v. amendă
  12. ^ Academia Republicii Populare Romîne (1958), Dicționarul limbii romîne moderne, București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 1, 25
  13. ^ Marcu, Florin (2000), Marele dicționar de neologisme, București: Saeculum Vizual, p. s.v. amendă
  14. ^ Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2002), Noul dicționar explicativ al limbii române, București: Litera Internațional, p. s.v. amendă

Related etymologies

  • cap · also from French
  • dura · also from French
  • pur · also from French
  • pană · also from French
  • pat · also from French
  • masă · also from French
  • lac · also from French
  • primar · also from French
Cite this entry

“Amendă.” Etymologically, 12 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/ro/amend%C4%83. Accessed 12 Nov. 2026.

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