invidia Latin · revision 9966

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Plautus|origins=ine-pro *wid-eh₁-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ɪnˈwɪ.di.a]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [iɱˈviː.di.a]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''invidia''' ''f'' (genitive invidiae); first declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|invidus|-ia|t1=envious]], from [[m|la|invideō|t=to look askance at, envy]], a compound of [[m|la|in-]] and [[m|la|videō|t=to see]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler 2010) De Vaan traces ⟨videō⟩ to [[itc-pro|*wid-ē-]], [[ine-pro|*wid-eh₁-|t=to see]], and notes that Lithuanian ⟨pavydė́ti⟩ “to envy” has the same stem.^(de Vaan 2008) Wiktionary compares [[sla-pro|*zavistь|t=envy]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest citations are Plautus, for ill will and for odium.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant ill will, spite, jealousy, envy, felt by a person, and in Plautus also the odium or unpopularity that falls on its object, and Cicero uses it of hostility stirred up against an opponent in court.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016) Cicero himself notes the ambiguity of the word between envy and unpopularity.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it means envy, hatred, jealousy, and British Medieval Latin counts it among the mortal sins.^(Stelten 1995)^(DMLBS) English ''envy'' (late 13th century), Spanish ''envidia'' and Portuguese ''inveja'' are from it.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of spite and of odium.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of hostility roused against an opponent.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * late 13th century – English ''envy'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # Ill will, spite; [[m|en|jealousy]], [[m|en|envy]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # [[m|en|odium|alt=Odium]], unpopularity.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Hostility roused against an opponent.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[invidiōsus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[invidēns]]

+ * [[invidentia]]

+ * [[invideō]]

+ * [[invidiōsē]]

+ * [[invidus]]

+ * [[videō]]

+ * [[en|envy]]

+ * [[en|invidious]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}