pugnus Latin · revision 9959

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=Terence|origins=ine-pro *pu-n-g-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈpʊŋ.nʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈpuɲ.ɲus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''pugnus''' ''m'' (genitive pugnī); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+ Plautus has a neuter ''pugnum''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ De Vaan places it with [[pungō]] “to prick”: he reconstructs Proto-Italic ⟨*puk/g-n(o)-⟩ “fist” beside ⟨*pung-⟩ “to pierce”, [[ine-pro|*pu-n(e)-g/k-]], and thinks a root ⟨*pug-⟩ “fist” existed apart from ⟨pungō⟩; ⟨pūgnus⟩ and [[pugna]] may then derive from an ⟨n⟩-stem seen in [[pugillus]].^(de Vaan 2008) Cognate with [[grc|πύξ|tr=púx|t=with the fist]] and [[grc|πυγμή|tr=pugmḗ|t=fist, boxing]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) Köbler gives [[ine-pro|*pewǵ-|t=to prick; fist]] (Pokorny 828).^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler's earliest source is Terence.^(Köbler 2010) Köbler dates Terence 190–159 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant the clenched hand, the fist, especially as used for striking, as in Cicero's ''pugnum facere'' “to make a fist” and ''pugnīs certāre'' “to fight with the fists”.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it means fist.^(Stelten 1995) British Medieval Latin also used it for a horse's hoof.^(DMLBS) It survives as Italian ''pugno'', French ''poing'', Spanish ''puño'', Portuguese ''punho'' and Romanian ''pumn''.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence uses it.^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero has ''pugnum facere''.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # The [[m|en|fist]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' A horse's [[m|en|hoof]].^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[pugneus]]

+ * [[pugnitus]]

+ * [[pugnō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[pugil]]

+ * [[pugiō]]

+ * [[pugna]]

+ * [[pugnācitās]]

+ * [[pugnāciter]]

+ * [[pugnāculum]]

+ * [[pugnantia]]

+ * [[pugnātor]]

+ * [[pugnātōrius]]

+ * [[pugnātrīx]]

+ * [[pungō]]

+ * [[pugillus]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Festus, as excerpted by Paul the Deacon, derived ''pugnus'' from ''pūnctiō'', a striking.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}