coerceo Latin · revision 9931

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=compound|attested=Varro|origins=ine-pro *h₂erk-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [koˈɛr.ke.oː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [koˈɛr.t͡ʃe.o]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''coërceō''' (present infinitive coërcēre, perfect active coërcuī, supine coërcitum); second conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+ Also spelled with ''coherc-''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|con-|arceō|t2=to enclose, keep off]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan reconstructs ⟨arceō⟩ as [[itc-pro|*ark-eje/o-|t=to contain, keep out]], [[ine-pro|*h₂(o)rḱ-éye/o-|t=to hold]], cognate with Oscan ⟨tríbarakavúm⟩ “to build” and [[grc|ἀρκέω|tr=arkéō|t=to ward off]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest citation for restraining is Varro.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Varro 116–27 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant to enclose wholly, confine, as of the world holding all things in Cicero and of natural features bounding a place in Lucretius; to restrict growth, prune, as in Celsus; to limit; to keep in order; to control, check, restrain, as in Varro; and of a magistrate to inflict summary punishment, as in Cicero.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it means to check, restrain, prune, enclose.^(Stelten 1995) English ''coerce'' (mid-15th century) is from it through Old French.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro uses it of restraint.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius uses it of enclosing.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of a magistrate's punishment.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * mid-15th century – English ''coerce'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To enclose, confine, shut in.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # To restrict, [[m|en|prune]].^(OLD 2012)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # To keep in order, control, [[m|en|restrain]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # To [[m|en|punish]] summarily.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[coërcitiō]]

+ * [[coercitor]]

+ * [[incoercitus]]

+ * [[coërcitus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[abarceō]]

+ * [[aberceō]]

+ * [[arceō]]

+ * [[exerceō]]

+ * [[en|coerce]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}