calumniator Latin · revision 9919

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Cicero|origins=itc-pro *kalwe/o-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ka.ɫʊm.niˈaː.tɔr]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ka.lum.niˈaː.tor]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''calumniātor''' ''m'' (genitive calumniātōris, feminine calumniātrīx); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+ Also spelled ''kalumniātor''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|calumnior|-tor|t1=to accuse falsely]], from [[m|la|calumnia|t=trickery, false accusation]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline) ⟨calumnia⟩ is from ⟨*kalwomnia⟩, from [[m|la|calvor|t=to deceive]], which de Vaan traces to [[itc-pro|*kalwe/o-]], from [[ine-pro|*ḱh₂l-u-]] or, with the LIV, ⟨*ḱlh₁-u-⟩ “to call”.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Its earliest source is Cicero.^(Köbler 2010)^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Cicero 81–43 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Mostly a legal term, it meant a false or vexatious accuser, a pettifogger, one who misuses the law, as in Cicero and the ''Rhetorica ad Herennium''; and a petty or carping critic, as in Pliny and Martial.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant a calumniator, oppressor.^(Stelten 1995) Medieval Latin used it for a false accuser, a violator or unlawful opponent, and a plaintiff; in British Medieval Latin it was also Satan.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(DMLBS) English ''calumniator'' (1560s) is from it.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 23/24–79 AD – Pliny uses it of a critic.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1560s – English ''calumniator'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # ''(law)'' A false or vexatious accuser, [[m|en|pettifogger]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # A petty, carping critic.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' A plaintiff; [[m|en|satan|alt=Satan]].^(Niermeyer 1976)^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[calumnia]]

+ * [[calumnior]]

+ * [[calvor]]

+ * [[en|calumniator]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}