calumniosus Latin · revision 9916

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Gaius|origins=itc-pro *kalwe/o-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ka.ɫʊm.niˈoː.sʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ka.lum.niˈɔː.s̬us]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''calumniōsus''' (feminine calumniōsa, neuter calumniōsum); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|calumnia|-ōsus|t1=trickery, false accusation]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline) ⟨calumnia⟩ is from ⟨*kalwomnia⟩, from [[m|la|calvor|t=to deceive]], which de Vaan traces to [[itc-pro|*kalwe/o-]], from [[ine-pro|*ḱh₂l-u-]] or, with the LIV, ⟨*ḱlh₁-u-⟩ “to call”.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Among the OLD's earliest citations are the jurist Gaius and Apuleius, and Lewis & Short call it post-Augustan.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Köbler dates Gaius 140–180 AD.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant one who makes groundless accusations, full of tricks, as in the jurists' definition of one who knowingly brings a false charge; and of actions vexatious, misrepresenting, false, as in Gaius, and Augustine has the superlative.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant calumnious, false, deceitful.^(Stelten 1995) Medieval Latin used it for insulting, contested, accused.^(Niermeyer 1976) English ''calumnious'' (late 15th century, “slanderous”) is from it.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 140–180 AD – Gaius uses it.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 125–175 AD – Apuleius uses it.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * late 15th century – English ''calumnious'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Making groundless accusations, tricky.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(of actions)'' [[m|en|vexatious|alt=Vexatious]], false.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[calumnia]]

+ * [[calumniōsē]]

+ * [[en|calumnious]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}