arto Latin · revision 9883

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Plautus|origins=ine-pro *h₂er-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈar.toː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈar.to]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''artō''' (present infinitive artāre, perfect active artāvī, supine artātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+ Also spelled ''arctō'', which Lewis & Short reject.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|artus|-ō|t1=close, narrow]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) The TLL says it replaced an older verb ⟨artīre⟩.^(TLL) De Vaan traces ⟨artus⟩ to [[itc-pro|*arto-]], from [[ine-pro|*h₂r̥-tó-|t=fitted]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Among the OLD's earliest citations are Plautus, Varro and Livy.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Not found in Cicero, it meant to fix firmly, wedge in, as in Columella; to pull tight, close firmly, as in Celsus; to restrict, hem in, cramp, as in Pliny; to pack or crowd together, compress, as in Seneca and Martial; especially in geography, to make narrower, and in the passive to narrow; and to reduce, curtail, as in Livy.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy uses it of curtailing.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca uses it of crowding.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To fix firmly, [[m|en|wedge]] in.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To pull tight; to close firmly.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To restrict, [[m|en|cramp]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # To pack together, compress.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To make narrower, (passive) to narrow.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To reduce, [[m|en|curtail]].^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[coartō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[artus]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}